Showing posts with label chemical. Show all posts
Showing posts with label chemical. Show all posts
Glassmaking
Glassmaking
Glass making eventually returned to Britain with the re-build of Canterbury Cathedral in 1174, after a fire had destroyed the older Norman Cathedral, The glass was inspired by the building of Chartres Cathedral in France just prior to this, whose Glass makers were imported from the Middle East, as there were no persons with the required skills in Europe at that time. So the original glass makers of Chartres were Muslims and this is evident in some of the windows there.
The Glass maker who came to make the glass was called Lawrence Le Viteraux (The Glass), he set up in Kent. The glass being made was very rough and ready during the Middle Ages in Britain and a lot was still being imported from the Continent. There was a bit of a scorched earth policy for the glass makers as they made their wares in the ~Forest or in medieval time the Weald. Welding, the modern word means to join metal together using heat, the origination of the word comes from the medieval word for forest as all the work was done there. A lot of deforestation occurred during this period, which lasted right until James 1st was on the throne and he decreed that 'No Glass can be made using wood as fuel, save there being a single tree left standing upon this isle'. Therefore a new fuel had to be utilised and coal was the obvious choice.
Aside – Gaffer, is the medieval word for Glass maker – 'Glasser' the F & S were not defined at this time.
Coal was a difficult fuel to use as it does not burn clean like wood does so the furnaces had to be completely redesigned to allow for this new fuel. They came up with a Glass cone with covered pots to keep the glass clean. These edifices became landmarks in the the glass making centres around the country.
There is little known about the history of glassmaking in Britain during the next one thousand years, although we do know that glassmaking survived as a trade. In early 2004, a Saxon burial chamber was unearthed in Prittlewell in Essex and amongst the artefacts buried with the early Saxon was a beautifully preserved and intact blue glass bowl.
Glassmaking underwent a renaissance in the and 14th centuries. The revival began in Venice (a city which is still thought of as the glass capital of the world) and spread throughout Northern Europe. It would have been very likely that all towns of any size would have had their own glassmaker.
http://www.bristol-glass.co.uk/history.html
https://www.google.ca/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=medieval+production+glass+salicornia
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Depiction-of-a-medieval-glass-furnace-showing-the-quarrying-of-sand-in-a-landscape_fig3_272524095
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasswort
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicornia_europaea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicornia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh
17th century glassmaker and alchemist Antonio Neri handled very dangerous materials on a daily basis. He used strong acids, which if splattered could easily burn flesh, or cause blindness. He handled poisonous compounds containing arsenic, mercury and lead. If ingested, or inhaled as fumes these materials caused progressive, irreversible damage to internal organs and especially to the nervous system. There is no question that Neri did take chances with his health, but he was not naive. He knew very well many of the potential dangers and others he could well imagine.
Gongfermors & Uses for Excreta
Horrendous Life Of A Medieval Gong Farmer | History Of Britain - Absolute > .
Medieval people - MoHi >> .
Leather tanning - Medieval to Edwardian ..
Urine - a medieval resource ..
Urine - medieval uses ..
Gong farmer (also gongfermor, gongfermour, gong-fayer, gong-fower or gong scourer) was a term that entered use in Tudor England to describe someone who dug out and removed human excrement from privies and cesspits. The word "gong" was used for both a privy and its contents. As the work was considered unclean and off-putting to the public, gong farmers were only allowed to work at night, hence they were sometimes known as nightmen. The waste they collected, known as night soil, had to be taken outside the city or town boundary or to official dumps for disposal.
Fewer and fewer cesspits needed to be dug out as more modern sewage disposal systems, such as pail closets and water closets, became increasingly widespread in 19th-century England. The job of emptying cesspits today is usually carried out mechanically using suction, by specialised tankers called vacuum trucks.
Gong farmer (also gongfermor, gongfermour, gong-fayer, gong-fower or gong scourer) was a term that entered use in Tudor England to describe someone who dug out and removed human excrement from privies and cesspits. The word "gong" was used for both a privy and its contents. As the work was considered unclean and off-putting to the public, gong farmers were only allowed to work at night, hence they were sometimes known as nightmen. The waste they collected, known as night soil, had to be taken outside the city or town boundary or to official dumps for disposal.
Fewer and fewer cesspits needed to be dug out as more modern sewage disposal systems, such as pail closets and water closets, became increasingly widespread in 19th-century England. The job of emptying cesspits today is usually carried out mechanically using suction, by specialised tankers called vacuum trucks.
...
Human waste "was used to manure the land or enrich the soil. The townsfolk of Newcastle-on-Tyne piled their ashes and dung [humanure] on a heap in the middle of town – the local farmers transported the refuse away once a year to be spread as manure. Malt dust, soap ashes, brine, hair, decaying fish, offal, entrails, and blood were all used as manure."
China's Four Great Inventions
Compass - China > .
Gunpowder - China > .
Printing Press - China > .
Paper - China > .
Other Chinese inventions > .
Lacquer, row-cultivation, hoeing, cast iron, steel, suspension bridge, wheelbarrow, fishing reel, stirrup, porcelain, umbrella, matches, paper money, decimal system, kites, parachute, rudder, tuned bells, crossbow, noodles, silk, tea.
Alchemy to Chemistry
Learning About Alchemy With Larry Principe - CENo > .
? Alchemy ?
? Nicolas Flamel ?
Mysticism to Science - sh >> .
Alchemy to Chemistry - dk >> .
Alchemy - In Our Time > .
Medieval Islamicate World - CrashCourse > .
History of Science - CrashCourse >> .
Natural Philosophy >> Science .
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements - dk >> .
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry: Preface & Chapter 1 > .
6: Alchemy as an experimental art > .
7: The language of Alchemy > .
1913 Gutenberg ebook .
Story of Alchemy & Beginnings of Chemistry: Full Audio Book .
Anatomy > .
Apothecaries, barber surgeons, pharmacists, physicians - dk >> .
Alchemy - In Our Time > .
Medieval Islamicate World - CrashCourse > .
History of Science - CrashCourse >> .
Natural Philosophy >> Science .
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements - dk >> .
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry: Preface & Chapter 1 > .
6: Alchemy as an experimental art > .
7: The language of Alchemy > .
1913 Gutenberg ebook .
Story of Alchemy & Beginnings of Chemistry: Full Audio Book .
Apothecaries, barber surgeons, pharmacists, physicians - dk >> .
De humani corporis fabrica - dk >> .
Galen > .
Medieval Arts & Sciences (Assorted) - mhd >> .
Urine - once useful, now "waste" - anth > .
Galen > .
Medieval Arts & Sciences (Assorted) - mhd >> .
Urine - once useful, now "waste" - anth > .
Golden Age of Islamic Science - sh >> .
Crafts - Medieval - Quill, Wheel, Potting, Weaponry - arch >> .
Precise details about the transmission of knowledge from one place to another are rarely determinable. For alchemy, however, historians have an exact date: February 11, 1144, when Robert of Chester—a noted 12th-century translator from England—recorded in his diary that he had just finished translating into Latin an Arabic book with the English title "The Book of the Composition of Alchemy".
Robert of Chester notes in his introduction to the book on alchemy that this was a new science in the West. As such, he was also responsible for the introduction of numerous Arabic words into Latin—words without any earlier Latin equivalent—and, from there, into English and other European languages. Among the most obvious is the word “alchemy” itself.
Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most influential scientists in history, spent far more time working on and writing about alchemical experiments than he did on physics or optics, subjects for which he’s far better known.
After reading Newton’s 17th- and 18th-century writings on alchemy, 20th-century economist John Maynard Keynes offered the opinion that “Newton was not the first of the age of reason, he was the last of the magicians.”
During Newton’s lifetime, fraudsters and successful attempts to defraud wealthy investors led to the banning of certain alchemical practices. The British Parliament was sufficiently worried about the potential devaluation of gold that unsanctioned alchemy could be punished by public hanging.
After 1720, a more rigid distinction between alchemy and chemistry was drawn. Within a few decades, the word “alchemy” came to refer only to the attempt to make gold from base metals. From that point forward, alchemists were seen as charlatans or fools.
The Dawn of Chemical Warfare > .
How Dangerous Are Chemical Weapons? > .
Crafts - Medieval - Quill, Wheel, Potting, Weaponry - arch >> .
Precise details about the transmission of knowledge from one place to another are rarely determinable. For alchemy, however, historians have an exact date: February 11, 1144, when Robert of Chester—a noted 12th-century translator from England—recorded in his diary that he had just finished translating into Latin an Arabic book with the English title "The Book of the Composition of Alchemy".
Robert of Chester notes in his introduction to the book on alchemy that this was a new science in the West. As such, he was also responsible for the introduction of numerous Arabic words into Latin—words without any earlier Latin equivalent—and, from there, into English and other European languages. Among the most obvious is the word “alchemy” itself.
Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most influential scientists in history, spent far more time working on and writing about alchemical experiments than he did on physics or optics, subjects for which he’s far better known.
After reading Newton’s 17th- and 18th-century writings on alchemy, 20th-century economist John Maynard Keynes offered the opinion that “Newton was not the first of the age of reason, he was the last of the magicians.”
During Newton’s lifetime, fraudsters and successful attempts to defraud wealthy investors led to the banning of certain alchemical practices. The British Parliament was sufficiently worried about the potential devaluation of gold that unsanctioned alchemy could be punished by public hanging.
After 1720, a more rigid distinction between alchemy and chemistry was drawn. Within a few decades, the word “alchemy” came to refer only to the attempt to make gold from base metals. From that point forward, alchemists were seen as charlatans or fools.
The Dawn of Chemical Warfare > .
How Dangerous Are Chemical Weapons? > .
Periodic Table
Mendeleev's chemical solitaire > .
The periodic table is 150 – but it could have looked very different .
Chemistry - CrashCourse >> .
Academics & Churchmen ..
Adelard of Bath ..
Alchemy to Science ..
Baconian Science ..
Galileo, Bacon, Descartes ..
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Periodic Table ..
𝕸 Alchemy, Primitive Medicine
Alchemy, Primitive Medicine ..
Daily Life ..
Dancing Plagues - Medieval ..
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Dancing Plagues - Medieval ..
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Educational Systems
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Herbal remedies - sage oil, alembic
Alchemical tools
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyqQm9_fRYI
The complete distilling apparatus consists of three parts: the "cucurbit" (Arabic ḳarʿa, Greek βίκος, bikos), the still pot containing the liquid to be distilled, which is heated by a flame; the "head" or "cap" (Arabic anbiḳ, Greek ἄμβιξ, ambix) which fits over the mouth of the cucurbit to receive the vapors, with an attached downward-sloping "tube" (Greek σωλήν, sōlēn), leading to the "receiver" (Arabic ḳābila, Greek ἄγγος, angos, or φιάλη, phialē) container. In the case of another distilling vessel, the retort, the "cap" and the "cucurbit" have been combined to form a single vessel. The anbik is also called the raʾs (head) of the cucurbit. The liquid in the cucurbit is heated or boiled; the vapour rises into the anbik, where it cools by contact with the walls and condenses, running down the spout into the receiver. A modern descendant of the alembic is the pot still, used to produce distilled beverages.
https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Alembic
Herbal remedies - sage oil, alembic
https://youtu.be/Dm0DxC7tMEk?t=10m57s
elderbud salve
https://youtu.be/Dm0DxC7tMEk?t=14m33s
https://youtu.be/Dm0DxC7tMEk?t=18m22s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyqQm9_fRYI
The complete distilling apparatus consists of three parts: the "cucurbit" (Arabic ḳarʿa, Greek βίκος, bikos), the still pot containing the liquid to be distilled, which is heated by a flame; the "head" or "cap" (Arabic anbiḳ, Greek ἄμβιξ, ambix) which fits over the mouth of the cucurbit to receive the vapors, with an attached downward-sloping "tube" (Greek σωλήν, sōlēn), leading to the "receiver" (Arabic ḳābila, Greek ἄγγος, angos, or φιάλη, phialē) container. In the case of another distilling vessel, the retort, the "cap" and the "cucurbit" have been combined to form a single vessel. The anbik is also called the raʾs (head) of the cucurbit. The liquid in the cucurbit is heated or boiled; the vapour rises into the anbik, where it cools by contact with the walls and condenses, running down the spout into the receiver. A modern descendant of the alembic is the pot still, used to produce distilled beverages.
https://howlingpixel.com/wiki/Alembic
Herbal remedies - sage oil, alembic
https://youtu.be/Dm0DxC7tMEk?t=10m57s
elderbud salve
https://youtu.be/Dm0DxC7tMEk?t=14m33s
https://youtu.be/Dm0DxC7tMEk?t=18m22s
Salt
Salt Production, Use Hx [Medieval Professions: Salt Boiling] - Kobe > .
Eksperiment med saltudvinding - Salt extraction - Ribe VikingeCenter > .
Salt - Vīta Domī >> .
Salzman/Saltzman (salt merchant)
Salt, Salter, Sulter, Saltman and Salterman, this is an English surname of two possible origins. The first is occupational and describes an extractor or seller of salt, the derivation being from the Olde English pre 7th century world "sealt" meaning salt. The surname from this source is first recorded towards the middle of the 13th century (see below), and Thomas le Selter appears in the Subsidy Rolls of Sussex in 1296, whilst John Saltman is recorded in the Pipe Rolls of Suffolk in 1327. The second distinct possibility is that the name derives from the pre 7th century Olde French words "saltere or sautere", meaning a psalter.
Waller may also be an occupational name for someone who boiled sea water to extract the salt, from the Middle English well(en), meaning "to boil."
Cement & Pozzolans
Early European Technology - arch >> .
Cement: A Really Hard Problem - ScSh > .
Ludlow Castle, Shropshire - mortar & building techniques - HiHi > .
Pompēiānī recycled construction materials .
It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction), but concrete made from such mixtures was first used on a large scale by Roman engineers. They used both natural pozzolans (trass or pumice) and artificial pozzolans (ground brick or pottery) in these concretes. Many excellent examples of structures made from these concretes are still standing, notably the huge monolithic dome of the Pantheon in Rome and the massive Baths of Caracalla. The vast system of Roman aqueducts also made extensive use of hydraulic cement.
Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from the Middle Ages is unknown, medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using hydraulic cement in structures such as canals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding facilities. The technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.
Alite as precursor of silicate phases found in medieval lime mortar
The composition of alite rich in CaO (71.6 wt. %) and relatively poor in SiO2 (25.2 wt. %) (see the hereabove table) may help to understand why in particular conditions, if a sufficiently high temperature is reached in a lime kiln during enough time, alite can also be directly formed by pyrolizing only siliceous limestone (containing amorphous SiO2 impurities up to 25 – 30 wt. %). Hydraulic mortar or pre-Portland cement may have been occasionally produced on a small scale in this way during the medieval epoch in locations where limestone was cemented by amorphous silica or contained chert nodules or a lot of clay impurities.
This is likely the reason why some old medieval lime mortars used to build the Tournai cathedral (Belgium) exhibit an unexpected hydraulic character as revealed by a mineralogical study made by Mertens et al. (2006) who evidenced the presence of wollastonite and rankinite along with CSH phases in lime mortars. The only explanation for the discovery of these silicate phases not normally expected in lime mortar is that they have been formed by the hydration of calcium silicate such as Ca3SiO5 (C3S) or Ca2SiO4 (C2S) formed at high temperature along calcium oxide in the lime kiln. Indeed, in the area of Tournai (Belgium), the Tournaisian limestones are particularly rich in amorphous silica and exploited as building stone and for making lime mortar since very ancient ages. It is presently unknown if the cathedral builders of this area were aware of the hydraulic properties of their lime mortar or intentionally developed its use after their fortuitous finding.
Campi Flegrei Caldera .
Pompēiānī recycled construction materials .
It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction), but concrete made from such mixtures was first used on a large scale by Roman engineers. They used both natural pozzolans (trass or pumice) and artificial pozzolans (ground brick or pottery) in these concretes. Many excellent examples of structures made from these concretes are still standing, notably the huge monolithic dome of the Pantheon in Rome and the massive Baths of Caracalla. The vast system of Roman aqueducts also made extensive use of hydraulic cement.
Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from the Middle Ages is unknown, medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using hydraulic cement in structures such as canals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding facilities. The technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.
Alite as precursor of silicate phases found in medieval lime mortar
The composition of alite rich in CaO (71.6 wt. %) and relatively poor in SiO2 (25.2 wt. %) (see the hereabove table) may help to understand why in particular conditions, if a sufficiently high temperature is reached in a lime kiln during enough time, alite can also be directly formed by pyrolizing only siliceous limestone (containing amorphous SiO2 impurities up to 25 – 30 wt. %). Hydraulic mortar or pre-Portland cement may have been occasionally produced on a small scale in this way during the medieval epoch in locations where limestone was cemented by amorphous silica or contained chert nodules or a lot of clay impurities.
This is likely the reason why some old medieval lime mortars used to build the Tournai cathedral (Belgium) exhibit an unexpected hydraulic character as revealed by a mineralogical study made by Mertens et al. (2006) who evidenced the presence of wollastonite and rankinite along with CSH phases in lime mortars. The only explanation for the discovery of these silicate phases not normally expected in lime mortar is that they have been formed by the hydration of calcium silicate such as Ca3SiO5 (C3S) or Ca2SiO4 (C2S) formed at high temperature along calcium oxide in the lime kiln. Indeed, in the area of Tournai (Belgium), the Tournaisian limestones are particularly rich in amorphous silica and exploited as building stone and for making lime mortar since very ancient ages. It is presently unknown if the cathedral builders of this area were aware of the hydraulic properties of their lime mortar or intentionally developed its use after their fortuitous finding.
Campi Flegrei Caldera .
A series of geothermal chemical reactions occurring beneath Italy's Campi Flegrei (near the town of Pozzuoli) is creating lime that then reacts with volcanic pozzolana ash in the caprock to form a concrete-like substance.
𝕸 Material, Power Resources
Bones, wood ash, urine, rags -- very little went to waste in Medieval Europe.
Bone, Horn:
Bone, Horn:
Chemical:
Alchemy, Primitive Medicine ..
Alchemy, Primitive Medicine ..
Artillery - Gunpowder in the Middle Ages ..
Black powder -- gunpowder ..
Calligraphy, Ink, Dyes, Ochre, Pigments ..
Dye, Pigments, Ochre ..
Glue & Resin ..
Glue - Medieval ..
Black powder -- gunpowder ..
Calligraphy, Ink, Dyes, Ochre, Pigments ..
Dye, Pigments, Ochre ..
Glue & Resin ..
Glue - Medieval ..
Lye ..
Potash Alum ..
Soapmaking ..
Urine - a medieval resource ..
Urine - medieval uses ..
Urine - a medieval resource ..
Urine - medieval uses ..
Dye, Pigment:
Fabric:
Fibre:
Weaving willow - eal trap, lobster pot, basket ..
Metal:
Blacksmithing ..
Mineral:
Cement & Pozzolans ..
Calligraphy, Ink, Dyes, Ochre, Pigments ..
Dye, Pigments, Ochre ..
Earth Pigments ..
Vatman ..
Fish Farming ..
Fuel, Light:
Askeburner ..
Askeburner ..
Rush light to tallow ..
Herbalism:
Alchemy, Primitive Medicine ..
Apothecaries, Barbers, Herbalists, Midwives ..
Herbalism:
Alchemy, Primitive Medicine ..
Apothecaries, Barbers, Herbalists, Midwives ..
Service Tree ..
Metal:
Goldsmiths ..
Iron furnace ..
Navigation - lodestone & magnetic compasses ..
Pewter, Gold, Silver ..
Smelting ..
Weald Ironworkers ..
Pewter, Gold, Silver ..
Smelting ..
Weald Ironworkers ..
Cement & Pozzolans ..
Calligraphy, Ink, Dyes, Ochre, Pigments ..
Dye, Pigments, Ochre ..
Earth Pigments ..
Glassmaking ..
Paper:
Coucher ..
Coucher ..
Layer ..
Papyrus ..
Parchment ..
Trompe ..
Water Lifting Machines ..
Stone, Mortar:
Timber:
Waste not, Want not
Leather tanning - Medieval to Edwardian
 |
| Medieval tanner |
Tanners enjoyed the exclusive right to purchase cow hides from butchers. The lighter, smaller skins of sheep, goat, pig, and deer were handled by fellmongers and preserved by tawers (also known as a tawyers or whittawers).
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| Medieval furrier |
Because horns and hooves had no value to a butcher, they often left them attached to the skins. Wherever the tanner discarded horn cores and hooves, their remains are a sign that a pit was associated with a tannery.
Horners valued the outer layer of the horn. So the archaeological remains of tanneries typically include pits where horn cores and hooves have been discarded along with scraps of leather (1º, 2º, 3º). However, glue could made by boiling scraps of leather, adding to the stench of the tanning operation.
Barks, Roots, Fruits, Nuts and Leaves are used for their tannic acid to tan skins. Tannin converts hides permanently into leather. Oak, hemlock, fir, mangrove, wattle, eucalyptus, acorn caps, sumac, pine, spruce, willow and many more have been used all around the world for this process that seems almost magical in it's ability to transform fragile, rot-prone skin into a material with much loved unique properties. Natural Leather Tanning relies heavily on these traditional materials.
The full article and list can be read at http://www.skillcult.com/blog/tanningmaterials
Of interest: 13th century cat- and goat-hide shop excavated in England.
Making parchment: video.
Medieval tanning pits - Birmingham ~1300
Click on images to enlarge.
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| View of medieval tanning pits - wood-lined trenches and pits in scale model of Birmingham, England around 1296 CE. |
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| Tanner scraping hides close-up of lower centre section of image above. |
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| View of medieval tanning pits from different angle scale model of Birmingham, England around 1296 CE. |
Modern Vegetable-Tanned Leather (So Expensive) - BusIn > .
Take a video tour of the model of medieval Birmingham (tanning pits at 2m 35s, new window)
The following summary of the tanning process is adapted from here.
After removing the horns and hooves, and trimming unusable portions of the hide (belly, areas around head and legs, udders, and hide edges), the tanner washed blood, dung, and dirt from the hide.
Next, fat, hair, and flesh were removed—usually by immersion in a solution of lime or urine. (In sufficiently warm conditions, the hide could be sprinkled with urine and folded hair-side inward to encourage rotting of the hair follicles.)
After treatment, loosened hair was scraped from the hide with a blunt single-edged knife, and flesh was removed with a sharper, double-edged knife.
After rewashing, the hide was de-limed and and softened by one of two alternate processes:
a) an alkali-rich process of immersion in warm dog dung or bird droppings
b) drenching in a solution of barley or rye in stale beer or urine
The hides were washed again, then agitated in a solution of crushed oak bark. After being layered with ground bark, the hides were transferred to a pit filled with a weak tanning solution. Later, they would be moved to a tank containing a high concentration of tannins, in a process that required at least a year to complete.
After 12-18 months soaking in tannin solutions, the tanned hides were rinsed, and smoothed using a two-handled setting pin. Next, they were dried slowly in a dark shed before being sent to a currier, for stretching, shaving, and softening by the application of greases, sometimes brain.
Although oak bark was used extensively in Britain, other plant materials were substituted: fir, white willow (Salix alba), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak galls, birch, alder, hemlock, heather, and the rhizomes of some ferns.
Tanning Videos >> .
Full Bark Tanning Process - Video Series - SkCu >> .
Best Traditional Leather Tanning Videos - SkCu >> .
Tanning and Leather - SkCu >> .
Hide Tanning - SkCu > .
Hide Glue, from Start to Finish - SkCu >> .
Brain Tanning Hair On 1 - SkCu > .
Brain Tanning Hair On 2 - SkCu > .
Brain Tanning Hair On 3 - SkCu > .
How I Process Deer Legs for Sinew, Skins, Bones, Hooves and Glue Stock - SkCu > .
How to Remove Sinew from a Deer - SkCu > .
How to Remove Backstrap Sinew Cleanly, Without Wasting Any Meat 1 - SkCu > .
How to Remove Backstrap Sinew Cleanly, Without Wasting Any Meat 2 - SkCu > .
How to Remove Backstrap Sinew Cleanly, Without Wasting Any Meat 3 - SkCu > .
The Magic Ingredients That Turn Skin Into Leather - Barks, Roots and Leaves for Natural Hide Tanning > .
Q&A, Tanning Furs v.s. Leather - SkCu > .Leather from Salmon (or other fish) Skin - Zed > .
Why Vegetable-Tanned Leather Is So Expensive - BusIn > .
Ancient tanneries—now a tourist attraction—have been discovered beneath the modern city of Nottingham within a system of caves cut into the soft sandstone as houses, cellars and workplaces.
"Nottingham was once known as Tigguo Cobauc in Old Brythonic meaning Place of Caves by the Welsh Bishop of Sherborne (Asser) in his The Life of King Alfred (893)." [w1]
"Two caves cut into the cliff face and opening out to daylight housed the only known underground tannery in Britain. The Pillar Cave was originally cut around 1250 but had been filled in by a rock fall by 1400. Cleared and reopened as part of the tannery in 1500 with circular pits cut to hold barrels. A second cave was also cut with rectangular clay-lined vats. The small size of the vats in these caves indicate that they were probably used for sheep or goats skins rather than cowhide. There was an opening to the River Leen where they would wash the skins in the town's drinking water." [wc]
Virtual flyround of the caves devoted to tanning:
Fly-round playlist - arch >> .
All you could possibly want to know about the archaeology of leather-working, particularly of footwear in huge pdf file.
2022 Fish Skin Leather ~ Restaurant Waste | BusIn > .
Take a video tour of the model of medieval Birmingham (tanning pits at 2m 35s, new window)
The following summary of the tanning process is adapted from here.
After removing the horns and hooves, and trimming unusable portions of the hide (belly, areas around head and legs, udders, and hide edges), the tanner washed blood, dung, and dirt from the hide.
Next, fat, hair, and flesh were removed—usually by immersion in a solution of lime or urine. (In sufficiently warm conditions, the hide could be sprinkled with urine and folded hair-side inward to encourage rotting of the hair follicles.)
After treatment, loosened hair was scraped from the hide with a blunt single-edged knife, and flesh was removed with a sharper, double-edged knife.
After rewashing, the hide was de-limed and and softened by one of two alternate processes:
a) an alkali-rich process of immersion in warm dog dung or bird droppings
b) drenching in a solution of barley or rye in stale beer or urine
The hides were washed again, then agitated in a solution of crushed oak bark. After being layered with ground bark, the hides were transferred to a pit filled with a weak tanning solution. Later, they would be moved to a tank containing a high concentration of tannins, in a process that required at least a year to complete.
After 12-18 months soaking in tannin solutions, the tanned hides were rinsed, and smoothed using a two-handled setting pin. Next, they were dried slowly in a dark shed before being sent to a currier, for stretching, shaving, and softening by the application of greases, sometimes brain.
Although oak bark was used extensively in Britain, other plant materials were substituted: fir, white willow (Salix alba), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak galls, birch, alder, hemlock, heather, and the rhizomes of some ferns.
- Oak bark contains both types of tannin: catechols and pyrogallols.
- Catechols are more astringent, act more quickly than pyrogallols, producing leathers of pink, red or dark brown hues: birch, hemlock, alder, and fir bark.
- Pyrogallols improve leather's wearing properties and resistance to water, so they are favored for sole leather, bookbinding, and upholstery. They produce pale leather varying from creamy or yellowish to light brown: sweet chestnut, oak galls, and oak-wood.
19th, early-20th century descriptions:
Leather, Parchment, Fur - ElQu >> .Tanning Videos >> .
Full Bark Tanning Process - Video Series - SkCu >> .
Best Traditional Leather Tanning Videos - SkCu >> .
Tanning and Leather - SkCu >> .
Hide Tanning - SkCu > .
Hide Glue, from Start to Finish - SkCu >> .
Brain Tanning Hair On 1 - SkCu > .
Brain Tanning Hair On 2 - SkCu > .
Brain Tanning Hair On 3 - SkCu > .
How I Process Deer Legs for Sinew, Skins, Bones, Hooves and Glue Stock - SkCu > .
How to Remove Sinew from a Deer - SkCu > .
How to Remove Backstrap Sinew Cleanly, Without Wasting Any Meat 1 - SkCu > .
How to Remove Backstrap Sinew Cleanly, Without Wasting Any Meat 2 - SkCu > .
How to Remove Backstrap Sinew Cleanly, Without Wasting Any Meat 3 - SkCu > .
Q&A, Tanning Furs v.s. Leather - SkCu > .Leather from Salmon (or other fish) Skin - Zed > .
Why Vegetable-Tanned Leather Is So Expensive - BusIn > .
Ancient tanneries—now a tourist attraction—have been discovered beneath the modern city of Nottingham within a system of caves cut into the soft sandstone as houses, cellars and workplaces.
"Nottingham was once known as Tigguo Cobauc in Old Brythonic meaning Place of Caves by the Welsh Bishop of Sherborne (Asser) in his The Life of King Alfred (893)." [w1]
"Two caves cut into the cliff face and opening out to daylight housed the only known underground tannery in Britain. The Pillar Cave was originally cut around 1250 but had been filled in by a rock fall by 1400. Cleared and reopened as part of the tannery in 1500 with circular pits cut to hold barrels. A second cave was also cut with rectangular clay-lined vats. The small size of the vats in these caves indicate that they were probably used for sheep or goats skins rather than cowhide. There was an opening to the River Leen where they would wash the skins in the town's drinking water." [wc]
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| remains of Medieval tannery discovered beneath Nottingham, England |
 |
| City of Caves tannery, Nottingham |
 |
| City of Caves tannery, Nottingham |
Fly-round playlist - arch >> .
All you could possibly want to know about the archaeology of leather-working, particularly of footwear in huge pdf file.
Tanning
. Making Leather .
The tanning process converts animal hides into a putrefaction-resistant product.
. original clip on Edwardian Farm .
Artillery - Gunpowder in the Middle Ages
Explosive Facts About the Invention of Gunpowder - TopT > .
Black powder -- gunpowder
Iceland sulfur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGOLlhsITqc
Canonfestival at the Medieval centre 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Inp04W3zfcI
Tudor pyrotechnics
https://youtu.be/YucMjWINERI?t=44m13s
Potash ↠
Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
The Europeans were the last major Eurasian group to learn the secret of gunpowder. Their late acquaintance with gunpowder, however, would not prevent them from making their mark on the substance's development. Europeans pushed gunpowder technology to its limits, refining the existing formulas and creating new uses for gunpowder.
Gunpowder reached Europe through the rich Silk Road trade. The chemical formula for gunpowder and the refinement process reached Europe in completed form by the late 13th century. Roger Bacon, a renowned early European alchemist (1214 – 1292), set forth the marvels of the world; among them he listed the ingredients of gunpowder. With the ingredients of gunpowder revealed European scientists, inventors and alchemists were ready to improve gunpowder.
European alchemists created corned gunpowder. Corned gunpowder contained the same chemicals as normal gunpowder but the refining process involved mixing the gunpowder into a wet substance and then drying the mixture. A German friar, Berthold Schwarz, is credited with inventing the first European cannon in 1353. Firearms which had been invented in China or the Middle East were improved upon by Europeans.
Advanced European metal work techniques allowed European metalsmiths to create stronger and more durable rifles; they also learned how to calculate the amount of force of the gas in the chamber of the gun. This knowledge help create guns that fired greater distances.
Europeans were still improving gunpowder a century after the Chinese had invented the first gun. The European advancements of gunpowder would reach China by a Portuguese ship in 1520 AD. The Portuguese introduced the cannon, improved rifles and other European advancements to the Chinese. Hundreds of years after the invention of gunpowder the Europeans had returned the substance to its origin and gunpowder's journey through Asia had come full circle.
http://www.monkeytree.org/silkroad/gunpowder/europe.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/07/black-powder-i.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2010/06/propellants-black-powder-ii.html
Sulfur #Μíneral
Iceland sulfur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGOLlhsITqc
Sicily sulfur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loCazHuxb5M
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-i.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-ii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-iii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-iv.html
Saltpeter, Salpeter or saltpetre may refer to:
Potassium nitrate (KNO3):
Potassium nitrate, pure compound
Niter, mineral form
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3):
Sodium nitrate
Nitratine, mineral form
Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2)
Magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate
Saltpeter men
https://youtu.be/i7Pkgw5Bs18?t=22s
Tudor pyrotechnics
https://youtu.be/YucMjWINERI?t=44m13s
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/02/what-is-saltpeter-man.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/02/the-history-of-saltpeter-i.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-ii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-iii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-iv.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-v.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-vi.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-vii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-viii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-ix.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-x.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-xi.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xiii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xiv.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/history-of-saltpeter-xv.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xvi.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/the-history-of-saltpeter-xvii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/the-history-of-saltpeter-xviii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/the-history-of-saltpeter-xix.html
Charcoal burning 17th C
Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
Black powder -- gunpowder
Iceland sulfur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGOLlhsITqc
Canonfestival at the Medieval centre 2012
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Inp04W3zfcI
Tudor pyrotechnics
https://youtu.be/YucMjWINERI?t=44m13s
Potash ↠
Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
The Europeans were the last major Eurasian group to learn the secret of gunpowder. Their late acquaintance with gunpowder, however, would not prevent them from making their mark on the substance's development. Europeans pushed gunpowder technology to its limits, refining the existing formulas and creating new uses for gunpowder.
Gunpowder reached Europe through the rich Silk Road trade. The chemical formula for gunpowder and the refinement process reached Europe in completed form by the late 13th century. Roger Bacon, a renowned early European alchemist (1214 – 1292), set forth the marvels of the world; among them he listed the ingredients of gunpowder. With the ingredients of gunpowder revealed European scientists, inventors and alchemists were ready to improve gunpowder.
European alchemists created corned gunpowder. Corned gunpowder contained the same chemicals as normal gunpowder but the refining process involved mixing the gunpowder into a wet substance and then drying the mixture. A German friar, Berthold Schwarz, is credited with inventing the first European cannon in 1353. Firearms which had been invented in China or the Middle East were improved upon by Europeans.
Advanced European metal work techniques allowed European metalsmiths to create stronger and more durable rifles; they also learned how to calculate the amount of force of the gas in the chamber of the gun. This knowledge help create guns that fired greater distances.
Europeans were still improving gunpowder a century after the Chinese had invented the first gun. The European advancements of gunpowder would reach China by a Portuguese ship in 1520 AD. The Portuguese introduced the cannon, improved rifles and other European advancements to the Chinese. Hundreds of years after the invention of gunpowder the Europeans had returned the substance to its origin and gunpowder's journey through Asia had come full circle.
http://www.monkeytree.org/silkroad/gunpowder/europe.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/07/black-powder-i.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2010/06/propellants-black-powder-ii.html
Sulfur #Μíneral
Iceland sulfur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGOLlhsITqc
Sicily sulfur
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loCazHuxb5M
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-i.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-ii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-iii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/manufacture-of-sulfur-iv.html
Saltpeter, Salpeter or saltpetre may refer to:
Potassium nitrate (KNO3):
Potassium nitrate, pure compound
Niter, mineral form
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3):
Sodium nitrate
Nitratine, mineral form
Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2)
Magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate
Saltpeter men
https://youtu.be/i7Pkgw5Bs18?t=22s
Tudor pyrotechnics
https://youtu.be/YucMjWINERI?t=44m13s
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/02/what-is-saltpeter-man.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/02/the-history-of-saltpeter-i.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-ii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-iii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-iv.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-v.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-vi.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/03/the-history-of-saltpeter-vii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-viii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-ix.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-x.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/04/the-history-of-saltpeter-xi.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xiii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xiv.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/history-of-saltpeter-xv.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/05/the-history-of-saltpeter-xvi.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/the-history-of-saltpeter-xvii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/the-history-of-saltpeter-xviii.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/the-history-of-saltpeter-xix.html
Charcoal burning 17th C
https://youtu.be/LB_Het9GH0Y?t=2m27s
https://youtu.be/964WDzOyrks?t=14s
https://youtu.be/V8LXzM_WCr8?t=14s
https://youtu.be/964WDzOyrks?t=14s
https://youtu.be/V8LXzM_WCr8?t=14s
Charcoal Burning, Smelting - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6EwMf26slWK73Yn2KZxU0Xa
Charcoal production
https://regia.org/research/life/charcoal.htm
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/historical-manufacture-of-charcoal.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/historical-manufacture-of-charcoal-ii.html
Tudor pyrotechnics
https://youtu.be/YucMjWINERI?t=44m13s
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6EwMf26slWK73Yn2KZxU0Xa
Charcoal production
https://regia.org/research/life/charcoal.htm
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/historical-manufacture-of-charcoal.html
http://firearmshistory.blogspot.ca/2016/06/historical-manufacture-of-charcoal-ii.html
Tudor pyrotechnics
https://youtu.be/YucMjWINERI?t=44m13s
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