Medieval: power

The Lords Appellant were a group of nobles in the reign of King Richard II, who, in 1388, sought to impeach some five of the King's favourites in order to restrain what was seen as tyrannical and capricious rule. The word appellant simply means '[one who is] appealing [in a legal sense]'. It is the older (Norman) French form of the present participle of the verb appeler, the equivalent of the English 'to appeal'. The group was called the Lords Appellant because its members invoked a procedure under law to start prosecution of the king's unpopular favourites known as 'an appeal': the favourites were charged in a document called an appeal of treason, a device borrowed from civil law which led to some procedural complications.

The Lords Appellant Part 1: A Great and Continual council

There were originally three Lords Appellant:
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, son of Edward III and thus the king's uncle.

Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel and of Surrey.
Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick.

These were later joined by
Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby (the future king Henry IV)
Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham.

Archbishop of York, Alexander Neville.

The favourites

Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland.
Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk.
Alexander Neville.

Robert Tresilian.

Nicholas Brembre.
John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (4th creation).
Sir James Berners.
Sir John Salisbury.

Simon de Burley.

Battle of Radcot Bridge .

Monarchy and Communication of Power

Henry III and the Communication of Power > .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0aicoJQIxo .

"Against the backdrop of King Johns ignominy and the political challenge posed by Magna Carta, which encouraged demands for greater representation in parliament, King Henry III used art, architecture and apparel to exalt his authority and to communicate his divinely-ordained status on a scale never previously seen in England.

This lecture considers how Henry used art to justify monarchy at the dawn of what is commonly termed the parliamentary state."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0aicoJQIxo
The transcript and downloadable versions of the lecture are available from the Gresham College website: "
https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/king-henry-iii-and-the-communication-of-power

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death. The son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, Henry assumed the throne when he was only nine in the middle of the First Barons' War. Cardinal Guala declared the war against the rebel barons to be a religious crusade and Henry's forces, led by William Marshal, defeated the rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. Henry promised to abide by the Great Charter of 1225, which limited royal power and protected the rights of the major barons. His early rule was dominated first by Hubert de Burgh and then Peter des Roches, who re-established royal authority after the war. In 1230, the King attempted to reconquer the provinces of France that had once belonged to his father, but the invasion was a debacle. A revolt led by William Marshal's son, Richard, broke out in 1232, ending in a peace settlement negotiated by the Church. Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers."

Following the revolt, Henry ruled England personally, rather than governing through senior ministers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_6th_Earl_of_Gloucester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bigod,_4th_Earl_of_Norfolk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_2nd_Earl_of_Hereford
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bigod_(Justiciar)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England#Parliament_in_the_reign_of_Henry_III
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/birth_of_parliament_01.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulf_de_Blondeville,_6th_Earl_of_Chester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh,_1st_Earl_of_Kent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Brittany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Savoy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_La_Marche

Worst Jobs in History

The Worst Jobs in History - Middle Ages .

(1) arming squire . archers . catching leeches (i) . (2) catching leeches (ii) . barber surgeon . wise woman (i) (3) wise woman . trial by ordeal . building cathedrals (i) . quarrying (ii) (4). building cathedrals (i) . quarrying (i) . lime burning . treadmill crane (1) (5) treadmill crane (ii) . fulling (i) (6) fulling (ii) .

The Worst Jobs in History - Dark Ages .

Hydraulic Ram Pump

How Does a Hydraulic Ram Pump Work? > .

A hydraulic ram is a clever device invented over 200 years ago that can pump water uphill with no other external source of power except for the water flowing into it and there is a way to take advantage of this normally inauspicious effect for a beneficial use. The ram pump is an ingenious way to take advantage of the properties of fluids. We all need water for a variety of reasons, so being able to move it where we need it without any fancy equipment or external sources of power is a pretty nice tool to have in your toolbox.

More YouTube Videos about Ram Pumps:

Land to House: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlOyl...

WranglerStar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLMIJ...

Engineer775: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y_WW...

French River Springs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enBEM... .

Technology - medieval

Explosive Facts About the Invention of Gunpowder - TopT > .

Eyeglasses, Spectacles ..

Middelaldercentret - Medieval Technology park
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8JFclCipEY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ADd4la0Cw4

middelalderlig teknologipark - engelsk version
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cp_9ZL_hpsA .

Medieval technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology

Theophilus: An Essay Upon Diverse Arts, c. 1125
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1178929.On_Divers_Arts
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/theophilus.html

Crane, treadwheel | Treadwheel crane
Treadwheel crane

The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.

During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291, while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.

Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors.

Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123.

The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities.

Structure and placement

The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm' wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced 'clasp-arm' type featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim, giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft and providing thus a greater mechanical advantage.

Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the extremely lightweight scaffolding used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane was dismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay during construction of the vaults. Thus, the crane 'grew' and 'wandered' with the building with the result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft.

Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the stand of the machine secured to putlogs.

For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century[citation needed]. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Middle_Ages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)

Treadmill crane in Tudor Monastery Farm Episode 01

https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=21m22s .

Carruca plough, heavy plough, mouldboard plough
Medieval ploughing with Oxen, Green Valley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH7KBZ5jkHg
Oxen in Tudor Monastery Farm Episode 01
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=25m59s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=30m23s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=36m27s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=46m34s

Agricultural Tools
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/agritools.html
Horse harness
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/harness.html
The whippletree (also known as whiffletrees, swingletrees, splinter bars, or swing bars) is a simple piece of wood attached to the drawpole of a plow or cart at its center. The horses' harness then attaches to the whippletree at convenient places.
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/whippletree.html

The Heavy Plough and the Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/heavyplow.html

As of the 9th century to the end of the 13th century, the medieval European economy underwent unprecedented productivity growth. The period has been referred to as the most significant agricultural expansion since the Neolithic revolution . In his path-breaking book, “Medieval Technology and Social Change”, Lynn White, Jr. argues that the most important element in the “agricultural revolution” was the invention and widespread adoption of the heavy plough.

The earliest plough, commonly known as the ard or scratch-plough, was suitable for the soils and climate of the Mediterranean; it was, however, unsuitable for the heavy soils found in most of northern Europe, which “offer much more resistance to a plough than does light, dry earth”. The consequence was that north European settlement before the middle ages was limited to lighter soils, where the ard could be applied. The heavy plough and its attendant advantages may have been crucial in changing this. More specifically, heavy ploughs have three function parts that set them apart from primitive ards. The first part is an asymmetric ploughshare, which cuts the soil horizontally. The second part is a coulter, which cuts the soil vertically. The third part is a mouldboard, which turns the cut sods aside to create a deep furrow (Mokyr 1990; Richerson 2001). The mouldboard is the part of the heavy plough from which its principal advantages on heavy clay soils derive. The first advantage is that it turns the soil, which allows for both better weed control on heavy soil in damp climates and incorporation into the soil of crop residues, green manure, animal manure or other substances. The second advantage is that mouldboard ploughing produced high-backed ridges, which contributed to more efficient drainage of heavy clay soils. The ridges also allowed for better harvests in both wet and dry seasons. In the wettest season there would still be crops on the crest, and in the driest seasons there would still grow crops in the furrow. The third advantage is that the heavy plough handles the soil with such violence that cross-ploughing is not needed, thus freeing up labor time. Hence by allowing for better field drainage, access the most fertile soils, and saving of peasant labor time, the heavy plough stimulated food production and, as a consequence, “population growth, specialization of function, urbanization, and the growth of leisure”.
http://www.medievalists.net/2013/06/the-heavy-plough-and-the-agricultural-revolution-in-medieval-europe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruca
http://www.medievalhistories.com/the-heavy-plough/

Medieval Innovations: An Improved Plow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P2CUOsKNoQ

Making History - Plows & Populations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2xY6bjGj24
Medieval Innovations: An Improved Plow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P2CUOsKNoQ

Eyeglasses

The History and Science of Lenses - Filmmaker IQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YIvvXxsR5Y

Lens Making in the 1600s - Corning Museum of Glass
Three centuries ago, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made hundreds of simple microscopes. He experimented with at least three methods to make their tiny lenses but kept his techniques secret. Based on scholarly research, this video made by The Corning Museum of Glass demonstrates how van Leeuwenhoek might have made his lenses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SJY0foypAo
https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/microscopes

Microscope: The Tube That Changed the World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ue-86MDmjns
The History of the Microscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJyOQmdwHhE

History (dubious)
https://youtu.be/n79rWGQqPaY?t=21s

Developed in the 13th century, the earliest spectacles were produced by glaziers in Venice, Italy, but the identity of the inventor is unknown. Lenses in these first eyeglasses were made from quartz or rock crystal and produced by gold craftsmen. The first spectacles had quartz lenses because optical glass had not been developed. The lenses were set into bone, metal or even leather mountings, often shaped like two small magnifying glasses with handles riveted together typically in an inverted V shape that could be balanced on the bridge of the nose.

Spectacles became common after Guttenburg’s invention of the printing press in the mid-1500’s. Printing with movable type meant even common people could afford books and marked the beginning of widespread need to correct vision with eyeglasses.
https://sdmcphail.com/2016/06/15/eyeglasses-an-invention-made-necessary-by-books/ .

Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages ..

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder

Watermill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill

Gristmill & waterwheels

Neolithic saddle quern => milling Grain with Water Power

Watermill -- 14th century

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill

First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478 .

Early Grain Mills

The source of power with the greatest potential to do useful work: water power. Interestingly, in the ancient world, water power was used almost exclusively for one activity: milling grain. At that time, cereal grains—primarily wheat and barley—provided 70 to 75 percent of the calories in the average person’s diet. Before grain can be consumed, however, it must be processed into flour by cracking open its outer husk, or chaff, and then grinding the inner portion into a fine powder. Throughout much of human history, grinding grain was an arduous, tedious, and time-consuming aspect of everyday life. It was a human activity that was ripe for technological improvement.

https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/1132_GreekandRomanTech.pdf

Milling Grain with Water Power | The Great Courses Plus

First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478

Water powered hammer (Monjolo)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA

Watermill - Wikipedia

https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/9xVMs1EAPvF

12th century watermill
https://youtu.be/2-wBYErO8qc?t=24m49s
Windmill
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/bXhYoWZWrxs

After the Renaissance of the 12th century, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation).

The development of water mills from their ancient origins was impressive, and extended from agriculture to sawmills both for timber and stone. By the time of the Domesday Book, most large villages had turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone. Water-power was also widely used in mining for raising ore from shafts, crushing ore, and even powering bellows.

European technical advancements from the 12th to 14th centuries were either built on long-established techniques in medieval Europe, originating from Roman and Byzantine antecedents, or adapted from cross-cultural exchanges through trading networks with the Islamic world, China, and India. Often, the revolutionary aspect lay not in the act of invention itself, but in its technological refinement and application to political and economic power. Though gunpowder along with other weapons had been started by Chinese, it was the Europeans who developed and perfected its military potential, precipitating European expansion and eventual imperialism in the Modern Era.

Also significant in this respect were advances in maritime technology. Advances in shipbuilding included the multi-masted ships with lateen sails, the sternpost-mounted rudder and the skeleton-first hull construction. Along with new navigational techniques such as the dry compass, the Jacob's staff and the astrolabe, these allowed economic and military control of the seas adjacent to Europe and enabled the global navigational achievements of the dawning Age of Exploration.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sandglass

? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Prehistoric ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Primitive ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Stone+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Bronze+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Iron+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Roman+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Viking+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Medieval ?

Medieval technology - Wikipedia

VAWT

VAWT revised > .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdMGdF9g490

VAWT Concept - Vertical-axis wind turbine that uses both drag and lift forces to generate power. A kinematic constraint imposed on the blades determines their angles so that each blade is always generating positively-contributing torque. Blade angles can compensate for a change in wind direction in real time by adjusting the direction of the green 'wind vane' through active or passive control.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdMGdF9g490

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdUp6i8TNgM

Wind turbine of flipping airfoils 3
Violet gear is immobile in relation with blue frame.
The timing belt drives to connect the violet gear and yellow gears are of transmission ratio i = 2. Such arrangement makes the airfoils rotate haft revolution when the blue frame makes one revolution.
So the wind flow (represented by red arrows) always applies torque on blue shaft of the turbine.
Violet tail rudder helps to rotate the violet hollow shaft of the violet gear (pivoted on brown post) toward the wind flow.
This video was made in reference to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdMGdF9g490

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdUp6i8TNgM

Vertical flipping
Using the airfoils at small angles up to 15° is much more efficient than at 90°, because the pressure difference between both sides of the airfoil is much larger for attached flows than detached flows. This is called a voith-schneider-rotor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDW7jGOZGo0

Segmented horizontal flipping
I spot a bit of an design flaw here. The flipping of the blades builds up rotative kinetic energy which then is regularly fully dissipated in massive rotative jerks (spontaneous full stops of rotarion) leading to vibrations, loud noise, wear, and drag through those power losses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdIw3YOrc-E

Wind turbine of semicircle-shaped airfoils
This looks cool, however it would not work, because the second half of the rotation with the plate on the rear side has a downward sloping airfoil. The Moment from the downward "lift" is larger than the moment from the backward drag. On the first half of the rotation both of these effects act in the same direction, so using 4 coupled airfoils could work (with low efficiency)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDEjM7EA76U

Water-powered hammer - monjolo

"I built a water powered hammer called a “Monjolo” (see also karausu (からうす) on google images). I started by making a water spout from half a hollow log to direct water from the creek. This was set up in the creek and water flowed through it. The hammer was made from a fallen tree. I cut it to size by burning it at the points I wanted it cut (to save effort chopping). Next I carved a trough in one end to catch falling water. This was done first with a stone chisel that was then hafted to an L–shaped handle and used as an adze. This adze only took about an hour to make as I already had the chisel head and cordage made of bark fibre to bind it with.

To save further effort carving I used hot coals from the fire to char the wood in the trough. I put the coals in using “chopsticks” (unused arrow shafts) to transfer them from the pit. The coals were fanned or blown with a wooden blowpipe till the wood in the trough burned. Then the char was scraped out. The sides of the trough were sealed with clay to make sure the wooden sides did not burn away which would effectively decrease the volume of the trough. This was approximately 8 hours work over two days.

With the trough carved I made a hole in the middle of the log as a pivot point. Using the same char and scrape method I burnt a hole right through the log using hot coals and a blow pipe. Again clay was used to prevent wood burning where it was wanted. To burn through the approximately 25 cm diameter log it took about 4 hours and 30 minutes. Another hole was burnt in the end to fit the wooden hammer head and it took a similar amount of time.

A tripod lashed with loya cane was set up at the water spout. The axel of the hammer was tied to one leg, the hammer fitted onto the axel and the other end of the axel tied to another leg. The trough was positioned under the waterspout to collect water and the tripod adjusted so that the resting point of the hammer was horizontal (so water wouldn’t prematurely spill out of the trough).
The trough filled with water, outweighed the hammer head and tilted the hammer up into the air. The water then emptied out of the trough (now slanting downwards) and the hammer then slammed down onto an anvil stone returning to its original position. The cycle then repeated at the approximate rate of one strike every 10 seconds. The hammer crushes small soft types of stone like sandstone or ochre. I carved a bowl into the anvil stone so that it would collect the powder. I then crushed old pottery (useful as grog for new pots) and charcoal. Practically speaking, this hammer worked ok as a proof of concept but I might adjust it or make a new one with a larger trough and bigger hammer for heavy duty work.

This is the first machine I’ve built using primitive technology that produces work without human effort. Falling water replaces human calories to perform a repetitive task. A permanent set up usually has a shed protecting the hammer and materials from the weather while the trough end sits outside under the spout. This type of hammer is used to pulverise grain into flour and I thought I might use one to mill dry cassava chips into flour when the garden matures. This device has also been used to crush clay for porcelain production. A stone head might make it useful as a stamp mill for crushing ores to powder. It might pulp fibres for paper even."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA

Ancient Skills ∞
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J

Archaeology - Excavation, Experimental
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ7qVqJfmjm6b87A4Iqv7TYa

Primitive technology: All - playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGnWLXjIDnpBR4xqf3FO-xFFwE-ucq4Fj

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA

𝕸 Government & Law - Medieval

927-7-12 Æthelstan declared rex totius Britanniae ➧

Agisters, Verderers, Medieval Forest of Dean, New Forest ..

1556-3-21 Archbishop Cranmer executed ..

Barter & Coinage in Britain ➧

Cantref ..
Charta de Foresta ..

Church and Crown to Parliament ..
Church upheavals ..

Collateral consanguinity ..

Common Law ..

Common Law - Habeas corpus & Assize of Clarendon (1166) ..
Convents in Medieval Britain ..

Coronations ➧

Crime & Punishment ..
Crime & Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England ..

Curtilage ..

Daily Life ..

1689 Declaration of Right ..

Declaration of the Rights of Man ..
Diplomacy, Alliances - medieval ..

Dissolution & Fountains Abbey ..

Dissolution of the Monasteries ..

Drawn, hanged, and quartered ..

Economic & Societal Consequences of Black Death ..
Estates of the Realm ..

Evolution of English Law ..

Forest Law & Forest of Dean ..
Frankpledge, Hue and Cry ..

Epiphany Rising - Dec 1399 to January 1400 ..

Escheat Escheator Enfeoffoment ..

France - Bureaucracy to Revolution ..

‘Good Parliament’ of 1376 ..

Global Empires ..
guild ..
Hayward - Hedge Warden ..

Љ Hereford, 1290 Expulsion ..

History of English land law ..
Inequality and Corruption pre-1832 ..

Inns, Taverns, Alehousea - Legislation ..

Land Enclosure - Agricultural Monopolism ..

Land tenure under the English feudal system ..

Land Use in Britain - The Agricultural Revolution ..

Law and Order in Anglo-Saxon England ➧

Legal History ..

Leges Henrici Primi ..

Levellers ..

Lucrative Fear-mongering

Magna Carta ..
Marriage Act of 1836 ..

Marriage banns and marital bans ..
Medieval Law & Punishment ..

Medieval London - Life and Death ..

Medieval World: Church, Commerce, Education, Parliament ..

Merchants' Guilds and Monopolies ..
Merciless Parliament - February to June 1388 ..

Messuage ..
Milestones in Medieval Law ..

Monarchy and Communication of Power ..

Peasants' Revolt Of 1381 - Wat Tyler ..
Policing London - 18th C ..

₤ Prices ..

Provisions of Oxford - Mad Parliament ..
Punishment, Prisons in Ancient Rome ➧
Records, Feudal, Legal System ..

Dissolution & Fountains Abbey ..

Dissolution of the Monasteries ..

Richard II and the Governance of London ..

Sociopolitical Evolution - West ➧

Spanish Inquisition - 1478+ ..

St. Briavels hundred ..
Tally sticks, Foils, Counterfoils ..
Thirlage - Scotland | Mill Soke - England ..

Treaty of Windsor (England & Portugal), 1386-5-9 ..
Trial by (Independent) Jury ..

Usury, moneylending - Statute of the Jewry 1275, Edict of Expulsion 1290 ..

Wakefield Prison ..

Walsingham (Elizabeth I's spymaster) ..

Wars of the Roses - 1455 to 1487 ..

Westminster Palace - History ..

Women: dower, dowry; single, wed, widowed, working, nun ..
Wonderful Parliament - November 1386 ..

Educational Systems

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Educational Routes circa 1000 ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages ..
Héloïse and Abelard ..
Learning, Work ..

Medieval Universities ..

Scholasticism ..
Scholasticism (2) ..
Student Life in the Medieval University ..
Scholasticism, Natural Philosophy, Universities ..
Universities - Medieval ..
University - Medieval ..

Inequality and Corruption pre-1832

Parliamentary defects prior to Great Reform Act | Why radicals called for reform > .

Economic & Societal Consequences of Black Death

Pandemics Economically Worse than War - First Pandemic - Pandemic Hx 1 - tgh > .

Pandemic, Epidemic, Endemic - Tar >> .

Pestilence, Pandemics, Pox - TThu >> .

Black Death Mystery Solved - strain of Yersinia - Pandemic Hx 2 - tgh > .

Black Death and the Success of Local Lockdowns - Pandemic Hx 3 - tgh > .

Pandemics & the Economy | The Lasting Effects of the Black Death - GC+ > .
How did Medieval People respond to the Black Death? - same > .

Life After the Black Death Ended - Weird > .

The Most Destructive Pandemics and Epidemics In Human History > .

History of Pandemics mapped > .
Black Death Explained in 8 Minutes - CaHi > .

History of the Black Death - 1 - fph > .

History of the Black Death - 2 - fph > .
History of the Black Death - 3 - fph > .
Misconceptions about the Middle Ages - Dr Eleanor Janega & Jason Kingsley > .

Socio-economic & Political Impacts of the Black Death:

It is important to remember that past pandemics were far more deadly than coronavirus, which has a relatively low death rate.

Without modern medicine and institutions like the World Health Organization, past populations were more vulnerable. It is estimated that the Justinian plague of 541 AD killed 25 million and the Spanish flu of 1918 around 50 million.

By far the worst death rate in history was inflicted by the Black Death. Caused by several forms of plague, it lasted from 1348 to 1350, killing anywhere between 75 million and 200 million people worldwide and perhaps one half of the population of England. The economic consequences were also profound.

The period after the Black Death was, according to economic historian Christopher Dyer, a time of “agitation, excitement, anger, antagonism and creativity”. The government’s immediate response was to try to hold back the tide of supply-and-demand economics.

The majority of those who survived went on to enjoy improved standards of living. Prior to the Black Death, England had suffered from severe overpopulation.

Following the pandemic, the shortage of manpower led to a rise in the daily wages of labourers, as they were able to market themselves to the highest bidder. The diets of labourers also improved and included more meat, fresh fish, white bread and ale. Although landlords struggled to find tenants for their lands, changes in forms of tenure improved estate incomes and reduced their demands.

This was the first time an English government had attempted to micromanage the economy. The Statute of Labourers law was passed in 1351 in an attempt to peg wages to pre-plague levels and restrict freedom of movement for labourers. Other laws were introduced attempting to control the price of food and even restrict which women were allowed to wear expensive fabrics.

But this attempt to regulate the market did not work. Enforcement of the labour legislation led to evasion and protests. In the longer term, real wages rose as the population level stagnated with recurrent outbreaks of the plague.

Landlords struggled to come to terms with the changes in the land market as a result of the loss in population. There was large-scale migration after the Black Death as people took advantage of opportunities to move to better land or pursue trade in the towns. Most landlords were forced to offer more attractive deals to ensure tenants farmed their lands.

A new middle class of men (almost always men) emerged. These were people who were not born into the landed gentry but were able to make enough surplus wealth to purchase plots of land. Recent research has shown that property ownership opened up to market speculation.

The parliament of a young Richard II came up with the innovative idea of punitive poll taxes in 1377, 1379 and 1380, leading directly to social unrest in the form of the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381.

This revolt, the largest ever seen in England, came as a direct consequence of the recurring outbreaks of plague and government attempts to tighten control over the economy and pursue its international ambitions. The rebels claimed that they were too severely oppressed, that their lords “treated them as beasts”.

https://theconversation.com/what-can-the-black-death-tell-us-about-the-global-economic-consequences-of-a-pandemic-132793 .

"[In response to the drastic reduction of the labour force] influential employers, such as large landowners, lobbied the English crown to pass the Ordinance of Laborers, which informed workers that they were “obliged to accept the employment offered” for the same measly wages as before.

As successive waves of plague shrunk the work force, hired hands and tenants “took no notice of the king’s command,” as the Augustinian clergyman Henry Knighton complained. “If anyone wanted to hire them he had to submit to their demands, for either his fruit and standing corn would be lost or he had to pander to the "arrogance and greed" [this from the arrogant, greedy medieval Church] of the workers.”

As a result of this shift in the balance between labor and capital, we now know, thanks to painstaking research by economic historians, that real incomes of unskilled workers doubled across much of Europe within a few decades. According to tax records that have survived in the archives of many Italian towns, wealth inequality in most of these places plummeted. In England, workers ate and drank better than they did before the plague and even wore fancy furs that used to be reserved for their betters. At the same time, higher wages and lower rents squeezed landlords, many of whom failed to hold on to their inherited privilege. Before long, there were fewer lords and knights, endowed with smaller fortunes, than there had been when the plague first struck....
Looking at the historical record across Europe during the late Middle Ages, we see that elites did not readily cede ground, even under extreme pressure after a pandemic. During the Great Rising of England’s peasants in 1381, workers demanded, among other things, the right to freely negotiate labor contracts. Nobles and their armed levies put down the revolt by force, in an attempt to coerce people to defer to the old order. But the last vestiges of feudal obligations soon faded. Workers could hold out for better wages, and landlords and employers broke ranks with each other to compete for scarce labor.

Elsewhere, however, repression carried the day. In late medieval Eastern Europe, from Prussia and Poland to Russia, nobles colluded to impose serfdom on their peasantries to lock down a depleted labor force. This altered the long-term economic outcomes for the entire region: Free labor and thriving cities drove modernization in western Europe, but in the eastern periphery, development fell behind. [As is already happening in the USA.]

Farther south, the Mamluks of Egypt, a regime of foreign conquerors of Turkic origin, maintained a united front to keep their tight control over the land and continue exploiting the peasantry. The Mamluks forced the dwindling subject population to hand over the same rent payments, in cash and kind, as before the plague. This strategy sent the economy into a tailspin as farmers revolted or abandoned their fields.

But more often than not, repression failed. The first known plague pandemic in Europe and the Middle East, which started in 541, provides the earliest example. Anticipating the English Ordinance of Laborers by 800 years, the Byzantine emperor Justinian railed against scarce workers who “demand double and triple wages and salaries, in violation of ancient customs” and forbade them “to yield to the detestable passion of avarice” — to charge market wages for their labor. The doubling or tripling of real incomes reported on papyrus documents from the Byzantine province of Egypt leaves no doubt that his decree fell on deaf ears."https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/opinion/coronavirus-economy-history.html .

Plague in the Ancient and Medieval World - same > .

Ж Black Death - Impacts ..

ЖЉ Black Death - Jewish Persecution, Europe ..
Quarantine ..

Richard II and Plantagenets ..

Construction Machines of the Renaissance

Ludlow Castle, Shropshire - mortar & building techniques - HiHi > .

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Superstitious Fear of "Witchcraft"

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