Churchmen, academics - Philosophers, Natural Philosophers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JR_-gm1KLu8 .
• Anicius Boethius, the Roman politician and philosopher whose work established a template of academic education that endures in the modern world;
• Alhacen, the Islamic scholar who pioneered core theories of optics and is considered the father of scientific methodology;
• Maimonides, the Jewish philosopher and jurist whose writings remain a core element of Jewish law and culture; and
• Alfred the Great of England, a monarch who sought to better his world by spearheading an ambitious educational program of preserving and translating important texts.
Gloucester, Abbot
Walter Froucester (died 1412), was abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester (1382-1412).
Canterbury
William Courtenay - Archbishop of Canterbury - 1396
Simon Sudbury - Archbishop of Canterbury - 1381 (executed by rebels during Peasants' Revolt)
Lincoln
Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253) academic, Bishop of Lincoln (1235-1253)
Norwich
Henry le Despenser (c. 1341–1406), Bishop of Norwich, 'Fighting Bishop', suppressing Peasants' Revolt in East Anglia, defeating the peasants at the Battle of North Walsham (summer of 1381)
York
Alexander Neville - 1374 to 1386
George Neville - 1464 to 1471
Robert Grosseteste, Latin: Robertus Grosseteste; c. 1175 – 9 October 1253 was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln. He was born of humble parents at Stradbroke in Suffolk. Upon his death, he was almost universally revered as a saint in England, but attempts to procure a formal canonization failed. A. C. Crombie calls him "the real founder of the tradition of scientific thought in medieval Oxford, and in some ways, of the modern English intellectual tradition".
....
As a master of the sacred page (manuscripts of theology in Latin), Grosseteste trained the Franciscans in the standard curriculum of university theology. The Franciscan Roger Bacon was his most famous disciple, and acquired an interest in the scientific method from him. Grosseteste lectured on the Psalter, the Pauline epistles, Genesis (at least the creation account), and possibly on Isaiah, Daniel and Sirach. He also led disputations on such subjects as the theological nature of truth and the efficacy of the Mosaic Law. Grosseteste also preached at the university and appears to have been called to preach within the diocese as well. He collected some of those sermons, along with some short notes and reflections, not long after he left Oxford; this is now known as his Dicta. His theological writings reveal a continual interest in the natural world as a major resource for theological reflection and an ability to read Greek sources (if he ever learned Hebrew, it would be not until he became bishop of Lincoln). His theological index (tabula distinctionum) reveals the breadth of his learning and his desire to communicate it in a systematic manner. However, Grosseteste's own style was far more unstructured than many of his scholastic contemporaries, and his writings reverberate with his own personal views and outlooks.
.....
It has been argued that Grosseteste played a key role in the development of the scientific method. Grosseteste did introduce to the Latin West the notion of controlled experiment and related it to demonstrative science, as one among many ways of arriving at such knowledge.[19] Although Grosseteste did not always follow his own advice during his investigations, his work is seen as instrumental in the history of the development of the Western scientific tradition.
Grosseteste was the first of the Scholastics to fully understand Aristotle's vision of the dual path of scientific reasoning: generalising from particular observations into a universal law, and then back again from universal laws to prediction of particulars. Grosseteste called this "resolution and composition". So, for example, looking at the particulars of the moon, it is possible to arrive at universal laws about nature. Conversely once these universal laws are understood, it is possible to make predictions and observations about other objects besides the moon. Grosseteste said further that both paths should be verified through experimentation to verify the principles involved. These ideas established a tradition that carried forward to Padua and Galileo Galilei in the 17th century.
As important as "resolution and composition" would become to the future of Western scientific tradition, more important to his own time was his idea of the subordination of the sciences. For example, when looking at geometry and optics, optics is subordinate to geometry because optics depends on geometry, and so optics was a prime example of a subalternate science. Thus Grosseteste concluded, following much of what Boethius had argued, that mathematics was the highest of all sciences, and the basis for all others, since every natural science ultimately depended on mathematics. He supported this conclusion by looking at light, which he believed to be the "first form" of all things, the source of all generation and motion (approximately what is now known as biology and physics). Hence, since light could be reduced to lines and points, and thus fully explained in the realm of mathematics, mathematics was the highest order of the sciences.
......
Grossesteste is now believed to have had a very modern understanding of colour, and supposed errors in his account have been found to be based on corrupt late copies of his essay on the nature of colour, written in about 1225 (De Luce). In 2014 Grosseteste's 1225 treatise De Luce (On Light) was translated from Latin and interpreted by an interdisciplinary project led by Durham University, that included Latinists, philologists, medieval historians, physicists and cosmologists. De Luce explores the nature of matter and the cosmos. Four centuries before Isaac Newton proposed gravity and seven centuries before the Big Bang theory, Grosseteste described the birth of the Universe in an explosion and the crystallisation of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. De Luce is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws. The 'Ordered Universe' collaboration of scientists and historians at Durham University studying medieval science regard him as a key figure in showing that pre-Renaissance science was far more advanced than previously thought.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Sherwood
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Vere
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Franciscan_school
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_scientific_method
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science#Science_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_clergy_scientists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazen_head
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars,_Oxford
• Anicius Boethius, the Roman politician and philosopher whose work established a template of academic education that endures in the modern world;
• Alhacen, the Islamic scholar who pioneered core theories of optics and is considered the father of scientific methodology;
• Maimonides, the Jewish philosopher and jurist whose writings remain a core element of Jewish law and culture; and
• Alfred the Great of England, a monarch who sought to better his world by spearheading an ambitious educational program of preserving and translating important texts.
Churchmen, England, 13th to 15th century ..
Gloucester, Abbot
Walter Froucester (died 1412), was abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester (1382-1412).
Canterbury
William Courtenay - Archbishop of Canterbury - 1396
Simon Sudbury - Archbishop of Canterbury - 1381 (executed by rebels during Peasants' Revolt)
Lincoln
Robert Grosseteste (1175-1253) academic, Bishop of Lincoln (1235-1253)
Norwich
Henry le Despenser (c. 1341–1406), Bishop of Norwich, 'Fighting Bishop', suppressing Peasants' Revolt in East Anglia, defeating the peasants at the Battle of North Walsham (summer of 1381)
York
Alexander Neville - 1374 to 1386
George Neville - 1464 to 1471
Robert Grosseteste, Latin: Robertus Grosseteste; c. 1175 – 9 October 1253 was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln. He was born of humble parents at Stradbroke in Suffolk. Upon his death, he was almost universally revered as a saint in England, but attempts to procure a formal canonization failed. A. C. Crombie calls him "the real founder of the tradition of scientific thought in medieval Oxford, and in some ways, of the modern English intellectual tradition".
....
As a master of the sacred page (manuscripts of theology in Latin), Grosseteste trained the Franciscans in the standard curriculum of university theology. The Franciscan Roger Bacon was his most famous disciple, and acquired an interest in the scientific method from him. Grosseteste lectured on the Psalter, the Pauline epistles, Genesis (at least the creation account), and possibly on Isaiah, Daniel and Sirach. He also led disputations on such subjects as the theological nature of truth and the efficacy of the Mosaic Law. Grosseteste also preached at the university and appears to have been called to preach within the diocese as well. He collected some of those sermons, along with some short notes and reflections, not long after he left Oxford; this is now known as his Dicta. His theological writings reveal a continual interest in the natural world as a major resource for theological reflection and an ability to read Greek sources (if he ever learned Hebrew, it would be not until he became bishop of Lincoln). His theological index (tabula distinctionum) reveals the breadth of his learning and his desire to communicate it in a systematic manner. However, Grosseteste's own style was far more unstructured than many of his scholastic contemporaries, and his writings reverberate with his own personal views and outlooks.
.....
It has been argued that Grosseteste played a key role in the development of the scientific method. Grosseteste did introduce to the Latin West the notion of controlled experiment and related it to demonstrative science, as one among many ways of arriving at such knowledge.[19] Although Grosseteste did not always follow his own advice during his investigations, his work is seen as instrumental in the history of the development of the Western scientific tradition.
Grosseteste was the first of the Scholastics to fully understand Aristotle's vision of the dual path of scientific reasoning: generalising from particular observations into a universal law, and then back again from universal laws to prediction of particulars. Grosseteste called this "resolution and composition". So, for example, looking at the particulars of the moon, it is possible to arrive at universal laws about nature. Conversely once these universal laws are understood, it is possible to make predictions and observations about other objects besides the moon. Grosseteste said further that both paths should be verified through experimentation to verify the principles involved. These ideas established a tradition that carried forward to Padua and Galileo Galilei in the 17th century.
As important as "resolution and composition" would become to the future of Western scientific tradition, more important to his own time was his idea of the subordination of the sciences. For example, when looking at geometry and optics, optics is subordinate to geometry because optics depends on geometry, and so optics was a prime example of a subalternate science. Thus Grosseteste concluded, following much of what Boethius had argued, that mathematics was the highest of all sciences, and the basis for all others, since every natural science ultimately depended on mathematics. He supported this conclusion by looking at light, which he believed to be the "first form" of all things, the source of all generation and motion (approximately what is now known as biology and physics). Hence, since light could be reduced to lines and points, and thus fully explained in the realm of mathematics, mathematics was the highest order of the sciences.
......
Grossesteste is now believed to have had a very modern understanding of colour, and supposed errors in his account have been found to be based on corrupt late copies of his essay on the nature of colour, written in about 1225 (De Luce). In 2014 Grosseteste's 1225 treatise De Luce (On Light) was translated from Latin and interpreted by an interdisciplinary project led by Durham University, that included Latinists, philologists, medieval historians, physicists and cosmologists. De Luce explores the nature of matter and the cosmos. Four centuries before Isaac Newton proposed gravity and seven centuries before the Big Bang theory, Grosseteste described the birth of the Universe in an explosion and the crystallisation of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. De Luce is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws. The 'Ordered Universe' collaboration of scientists and historians at Durham University studying medieval science regard him as a key figure in showing that pre-Renaissance science was far more advanced than previously thought.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Oxford
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Sherwood
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Vere
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Franciscan_school
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_scientific_method
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science#Science_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_clergy_scientists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazen_head
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyfriars,_Oxford
