Blacksmithing ..
Blast Furnace ..
Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noTK4EAhBXQ
Medieval Professions - KoHi >> .
Making a shipwright's broadaxe
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSIdU5LVae4ZfLYnAVPkjuiT-jYqMSOqf
https://www.youtube.com/user/RowanTaylor/playlists
Blacksmithing basics for beginners
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLSIdU5LVae4Ya7mY89tsTvG0NPL4otGsV
Blacksmithing documentaries - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6EyEqhHATgy6d18kQ9Fh_Bo
Bronzeguss - Spätmittelalterlicher Kanonenguss [subs]
Reverberatory Furnace > .
Bronze casting - experiments in early gun founding > .
2 > .
Mittelalterlicher Büchsenguss - reverse order >> .
Medieval Professions - KoHi >> .
A 15th century tap makers conical reamer. Applied Archaeometallurgy"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3V7KBHsZGzw
"Der Glockengießer"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrOYL9NJIXg
Medieval bell founding - 11th century - day 16 to 18 - casting the bell
On the 16th day the furnace was built further, the building material was mixed with clay, and the mould was fired further. On the 17th day the furnace was completed, the mould continued to fire and my foundry team finally arrived. The charcoal burner also took the opportunity to do a lot of work.
On the 18th working day, exactly five weeks after the start, the bell was cast from three crucibles with 20 kg tin bronze each. This is the alloy Theophilus specified. At 12.00 in the melting furnace the metal was started to melt, which had already melted 3.15 h later. Nevertheless, we only cast at 17.20 to give the visitors of the Vespe the opportunity to witness the casting.
At 20.45 the bell had already been demoulded, as beehive bells have to be freed from the casting core due to their thin wall thickness while still warm to prevent them from tearing due to the shrinking metal.
Bronze casting - experiments in early gun founding > .
Mittelalterlicher Büchsenguss - reverse order >> .
Medieval Professions - KoHi >> .
A 15th century tap makers conical reamer. Applied Archaeometallurgy"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3V7KBHsZGzw
"Der Glockengießer"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrOYL9NJIXg
Medieval bell founding - 11th century - day 16 to 18 - casting the bell
On the 16th day the furnace was built further, the building material was mixed with clay, and the mould was fired further. On the 17th day the furnace was completed, the mould continued to fire and my foundry team finally arrived. The charcoal burner also took the opportunity to do a lot of work.
On the 18th working day, exactly five weeks after the start, the bell was cast from three crucibles with 20 kg tin bronze each. This is the alloy Theophilus specified. At 12.00 in the melting furnace the metal was started to melt, which had already melted 3.15 h later. Nevertheless, we only cast at 17.20 to give the visitors of the Vespe the opportunity to witness the casting.
At 20.45 the bell had already been demoulded, as beehive bells have to be freed from the casting core due to their thin wall thickness while still warm to prevent them from tearing due to the shrinking metal.
Coalbrookdale
Coalbrookdale
Coalbrookdale foundry
https://youtu.be/qCAtbCeuEcU?t=26m42s
Abraham Darby & Industrial Revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEpTXRKB4sE&index=10&list=PLCpYM0jg1d5O9q4HnrWT29M3xEHYuxJn8
https://youtu.be/GEpTXRKB4sE?t=1m39s
Ironbridge Gorge, Coalbrookdale
https://youtu.be/Y4Syasft_5Y?t=1141
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUnCmpD78Dg .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENpfFw-gQZs .
Coalbrookdale foundry
https://youtu.be/qCAtbCeuEcU?t=26m42s
Abraham Darby & Industrial Revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEpTXRKB4sE&index=10&list=PLCpYM0jg1d5O9q4HnrWT29M3xEHYuxJn8
https://youtu.be/GEpTXRKB4sE?t=1m39s
Ironbridge Gorge, Coalbrookdale
https://youtu.be/Y4Syasft_5Y?t=1141
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUnCmpD78Dg .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENpfFw-gQZs .
Early Metal Working
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
Blast Furnace ..
Forges Smelting
Smeltmills were water-powered mills used to smelt lead or other metals.
The older method of smelting lead on wind-blown bole hills began to be superseded by artificially-blown smelters. The first such furnace was built by Burchard Kranich at Makeney, Derbyshire in 1554, but produced less good lead than the older bole hill. William Humfrey (the Queen's assay master), and a leading shareholder in the Company of Mineral and Battery Works introduced the ore hearth from the Mendips about 1577. This was initially blown by a foot-blast, but was soon developed into a water-powered smelt mill at Beauchief (now a suburb of Sheffield).
A typical smelt mill had an orehearth and a slaghearth, the latter being used to reprocess slags from the orehearth in order to recover further lead from the slag
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltmill
A Bole hill (also spelt Bail hill) was a place where lead was formerly smelted in the open air.
The bole was usually situated at or near the top of a hill where the wind was strong. Totley Bole Hill on the western fringes of Sheffield consisted of a long low wall with two shorter walls at right angles to it at each end. At the base of a bole 20-foot (6.1 m) long were laid great trees called blocks. On these were laid blackwork, partly smelted ore about half a yard thick. Then came ten or twelve trees called shankards. On top of these three or four courses of fire trees were laid with fresh ore. This was ignited and burnt for about 48 hours. This smelted lead, which ran down channels provided for the purpose and was cast into sows of about 11 hundredweight. A single firing produced 16 fothers of lead (about 18 tons) from 160 loads of ore (about 40 tons) and 30 tons of wood. Much of the ore was left incompletely smelted having become blackwork. Some of this was smelted in a foot-pump blown furnace, but some was left to be used when the bole was next fired.
Bole smelting was replaced by smelting in smeltmills in the late 16th century. That was in turn replaced by smelting in cupolas, a variety of reverberatory furnace in the 18th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole_hill
Similar to the video above; edited differently:
Blast Furnace ..
Forges Smelting
Smeltmills were water-powered mills used to smelt lead or other metals.
The older method of smelting lead on wind-blown bole hills began to be superseded by artificially-blown smelters. The first such furnace was built by Burchard Kranich at Makeney, Derbyshire in 1554, but produced less good lead than the older bole hill. William Humfrey (the Queen's assay master), and a leading shareholder in the Company of Mineral and Battery Works introduced the ore hearth from the Mendips about 1577. This was initially blown by a foot-blast, but was soon developed into a water-powered smelt mill at Beauchief (now a suburb of Sheffield).
A typical smelt mill had an orehearth and a slaghearth, the latter being used to reprocess slags from the orehearth in order to recover further lead from the slag
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltmill
A Bole hill (also spelt Bail hill) was a place where lead was formerly smelted in the open air.
The bole was usually situated at or near the top of a hill where the wind was strong. Totley Bole Hill on the western fringes of Sheffield consisted of a long low wall with two shorter walls at right angles to it at each end. At the base of a bole 20-foot (6.1 m) long were laid great trees called blocks. On these were laid blackwork, partly smelted ore about half a yard thick. Then came ten or twelve trees called shankards. On top of these three or four courses of fire trees were laid with fresh ore. This was ignited and burnt for about 48 hours. This smelted lead, which ran down channels provided for the purpose and was cast into sows of about 11 hundredweight. A single firing produced 16 fothers of lead (about 18 tons) from 160 loads of ore (about 40 tons) and 30 tons of wood. Much of the ore was left incompletely smelted having become blackwork. Some of this was smelted in a foot-pump blown furnace, but some was left to be used when the bole was next fired.
Bole smelting was replaced by smelting in smeltmills in the late 16th century. That was in turn replaced by smelting in cupolas, a variety of reverberatory furnace in the 18th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole_hill
Similar to the video above; edited differently:
A bloomery is a type of furnace once widely used for smelting iron from its oxides. The bloomery was the earliest form of smelter capable of smelting iron. A bloomery's product is a porous mass of iron and slag called a bloom. This mix of slag and iron in the bloom is termed sponge iron, which is usually consolidated (shingled) and further forged into wrought iron. The bloomery has now largely been superseded by the blast furnace, which produces pig iron.
A bloomery consists of a pit or chimney with heat-resistant walls made of earth, clay, or stone. Near the bottom, one or more pipes (made of clay or metal) enter through the side walls. These pipes, called tuyères, allow air to enter the furnace, either by natural draught, or forced with bellows or a trompe. An opening at the bottom of the bloomery may be used to remove the bloom, or the bloomery can be tipped over and the bloom removed from the top.
The ore is broken into small pieces and usually roasted in a fire to remove any moisture in the ore. Any large impurities in the ore can be crushed and removed. Since slag from previous blooms may have a high iron content, it can also be broken up and recycled into the bloomery with the new ore.
In operation, the bloomery is preheated by burning charcoal, and once hot, iron ore and additional charcoal are introduced through the top, in a roughly one to one ratio. Inside the furnace, carbon monoxide from the incomplete combustion of the charcoal reduces the iron oxides in the ore to metallic iron, without melting the ore; this allows the bloomery to operate at lower temperatures than the melting temperature of the ore. As the desired product of a bloomery is iron which is easily forgeable, it required a low carbon content. The temperature and ratio of charcoal to iron ore must be carefully controlled to keep the iron from absorbing too much carbon and thus becoming unforgeable. Cast iron occurs when the iron melts and absorbs 2% to 4% carbon. Because the bloomery is self-fluxing the addition of limestone is not required to form a slag.
The small particles of iron produced in this way fall to the bottom of the furnace, where they combine with molten slag, often consisting of fayalite, a compound of silicon, oxygen and iron mixed with other impurities from the ore. The mixed iron and slag cool to form a spongy mass referred to as the bloom. Because the bloom is highly porous, and its open spaces are full of slag, the bloom must later be reheated and beaten with a hammer to drive the molten slag out of it. Iron treated this way is said to be wrought (worked), and the resulting iron, with reduced amounts of slag is called wrought iron or bar iron. It is also possible to produce blooms coated in steel by manipulating the charge of and air flow to the bloomery.
Early European bloomeries were relatively small, smelting less than 1 kg of iron with each firing. Medieval Europe saw the construction of progressively larger bloomeries, with a capacity of about 15 kg on average. The use of waterwheels to power the bellows allowed the bloomery to become larger and hotter. European average bloom sizes quickly rose to 300 kg, where they levelled off with the demise of the bloomery.
As a bloomery's size is increased, the iron ore is exposed to burning charcoal for a longer time. When combined with the strong air blast required to penetrate the large ore and charcoal stack, this may cause part of the iron to melt and become saturated with carbon in the process, producing unforgeable pig iron which requires oxidation to be reduced into cast iron, steel, and iron. This pig iron was considered a waste product detracting from the largest bloomeries' yield, and it is not until the 14th century that early blast furnaces, identical in construction but dedicated to the production of molten iron, were recognized.
Bloomery - wiki .
Firescale
Firescale, also known as firestain, is a red or purple stain that appears on mixtures of silver and copper, such as sterling silver. At high temperatures, oxygen mixes with the copper to form cuprous oxide and then cupric oxide. Attempts to reduce this problem usually involve replacing oxygen with another gas such as hydrogen or ammonia.
With a very high copper content, this may appear on gold mixtures.
A fire scale is a layer of oxides that forms on the surface of metal when a blacksmith heats a tool.
Fire scale commonly occurs during the soldering process in jewellery manufacture, for example soldering a bale onto a finished pendant. The stain can only be removed with further polishing, or removal of affected metal.
With a very high copper content, this may appear on gold mixtures.
A fire scale is a layer of oxides that forms on the surface of metal when a blacksmith heats a tool.
Fire scale commonly occurs during the soldering process in jewellery manufacture, for example soldering a bale onto a finished pendant. The stain can only be removed with further polishing, or removal of affected metal.
Iron Industry
Blast Furnace ..
Early Metal Working ..
Iron - furnaces, foundries, smithing ..
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
The iron industry of the High Weald
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKuHQYFu62I
Roman - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/fMkzKZoQQ84?t=7m38s
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore - cultuuramersfoort
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
Medieval - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/8hLncowgu5Y?t=3m40s
The story of Jane a Tudor Iron Master's wife - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdWc4CiWxovU2RNTVn4FvsOT
Bloomery - Ancient Mobile Furnace - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bajwZPebm-g
Blast furnace - Tudor Monastery Farm
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m56s
Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace - Harry Rogers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsywnQJMJEk
Identifying Pond Bays in Ancient Woodland - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nCK_v8n81U
How to Identify a Charcoal Platform or Hearth - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyrb783Lcx
The Weald
Wealden Iron Research Group (WIRG)
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/
The Iron Industry of the Weald - Henry Cleere and David Crossley
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/The%20Iron%20Industry%20of%20the%20Weald%20-%20C+C.pdf
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Forests, Woodsmen, Hunters
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdWc4CiWxovU2RNTVn4FvsOT
.
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore - cultuuramersfoort
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
The iron industry of the High Weald
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKuHQYFu62I
Roman - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/fMkzKZoQQ84?t=7m38s
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore - cultuuramersfoort
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
Medieval - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/8hLncowgu5Y?t=3m40s
Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace - Harry Rogers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsywnQJMJEk
The story of Jane a Tudor Iron Master's wife - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdWc4CiWxovU2RNTVn4FvsOT
Bloomery - Ancient Mobile Furnace - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bajwZPebm-g
Blast furnace - Tudor Monastery Farm
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m56s
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
.
Early Metal Working ..
Iron - furnaces, foundries, smithing ..
Metal - Bronze, Foundry, Weapons ..
Mining, Smelting, Refining ..
Metal & Smithing: Britons, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings ..
Smelting ..
Mining, Smelting, Refining ..
Metal & Smithing: Britons, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings ..
Smelting ..
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
The iron industry of the High Weald
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKuHQYFu62I
Roman - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/fMkzKZoQQ84?t=7m38s
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore - cultuuramersfoort
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
Medieval - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/8hLncowgu5Y?t=3m40s
The story of Jane a Tudor Iron Master's wife - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdWc4CiWxovU2RNTVn4FvsOT
Bloomery - Ancient Mobile Furnace - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bajwZPebm-g
Blast furnace - Tudor Monastery Farm
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m56s
Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace - Harry Rogers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsywnQJMJEk
Identifying Pond Bays in Ancient Woodland - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nCK_v8n81U
How to Identify a Charcoal Platform or Hearth - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyrb783Lcx
The Weald
Wealden Iron Research Group (WIRG)
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/
The Iron Industry of the Weald - Henry Cleere and David Crossley
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/The%20Iron%20Industry%20of%20the%20Weald%20-%20C+C.pdf
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Forests, Woodsmen, Hunters
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdWc4CiWxovU2RNTVn4FvsOT
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore - cultuuramersfoort
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
The iron industry of the High Weald
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKuHQYFu62I
Roman - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/fMkzKZoQQ84?t=7m38s
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore - cultuuramersfoort
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
Medieval - Wealden Iron Industry
https://youtu.be/8hLncowgu5Y?t=3m40s
Making Iron In The Woods - Bloomery Furnace - Harry Rogers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsywnQJMJEk
The story of Jane a Tudor Iron Master's wife - highwealdAONB
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdWc4CiWxovU2RNTVn4FvsOT
Bloomery - Ancient Mobile Furnace - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bajwZPebm-g
Blast furnace - Tudor Monastery Farm
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m56s
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Iron - furnaces, foundries, smithing
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
Iron - Wealden Industry
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/hist.htm
Iron - Wealden Industry
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/hist.htm
Blast furnace
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m56s
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m56s
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6 .
Bell foundry
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m10s
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6 .
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6 .
Bell foundry
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m10s
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6 .
Lead mining & politics - 12thC
Alpine ice sheds light on 12th century lead pollution and politics:
In a study, scientists have found traces of lead, transported on the winds from British mines that operated in the late 1100s. Air pollution from lead in this time period was as bad as during the industrial revolution centuries later.
Analysing the 800 year-old ice using a highly sensitive laser, the scientists were able to see a huge surge in lead in the air and dust captured in the 12th century. Atmospheric modelling showed that the element was carried by winds from the north west, across the UK, where lead mining and smelting was booming in the late 1100s. Lead had many uses in this time, from water pipes to church roofs to stained glass windows.
Lead and silver are often mined together and in this period, mines in the Peak District and in Cumbria were among the most productive in Europe. The researchers were able to match the physical records from the ice with the written tax records of lead and silver production in England.
In the 1169-70 period, there was a major disagreement between Henry II and Thomas Beckett. The clash resulted in the Church's refusal to work with Henry - resulting in a fall in lead production that year. Excommunicated by the Pope in the wake of the murder of Thomas Beckett, Henry II attempted a reconciliation with the Pope.
In a study, scientists have found traces of lead, transported on the winds from British mines that operated in the late 1100s. Air pollution from lead in this time period was as bad as during the industrial revolution centuries later.
Lead and silver are often mined together and in this period, mines in the Peak District and in Cumbria were among the most productive in Europe. The researchers were able to match the physical records from the ice with the written tax records of lead and silver production in England.
In the 1169-70 period, there was a major disagreement between Henry II and Thomas Beckett. The clash resulted in the Church's refusal to work with Henry - resulting in a fall in lead production that year. Excommunicated by the Pope in the wake of the murder of Thomas Beckett, Henry II attempted a reconciliation with the Pope.
"Henry promised to endow and build a lot of major monastic institutions very, very quickly. Massive amounts of lead were used for roofing of these major monastic complexes. Lead production rapidly expanded as Henry tried to atone for his misdemeanours against the Church.
The researchers say their data is also clear enough to show the clear connections between lead production rising and falling during times of war and between the reigns of different kings in this period between 1170 and 1220.
The researchers say their data is also clear enough to show the clear connections between lead production rising and falling during times of war and between the reigns of different kings in this period between 1170 and 1220.
Metal - Bronze, Foundry, Weapons
History of Technology - bronze casting experiments - Archaeometallurgy >> .
Bronze casting - experiments in early gun founding - archmet >> .
Archaeometallurgy >> playlists .
Bronze Age Replica Casting a 1400 B C bronze axe in a soap stone mould
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt0XJz3Sf_0
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEWIuyeNp2k
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
Metal - bronze, brass - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ6Vqo28IWiJoVx0Q2uvLbI7
Metal - copper - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ67S7J7P1ImpR9coIkHitdN
Metal - pewter, tin - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5xnITYIqZlGt04kPHOEqgi
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Cupellation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupellation
Materials That Can Be Magnetized
http://sciencing.com/materials-can-magnetized-8412938.html
Smelting lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=11m56s
Refining smelted lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=23m32s
Bronze casting bell - strickle, lost wax method
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m8s
Bronze casting sword
https://youtu.be/jCuPb830_rk?t=33m39s
Forest of Dean
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Forest%20of%20Dean.htm
A Sword Fit For Kings: Forging Real Life Valyrian Steel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUEw4eLdOGk
Secrets of the Viking Sword Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTlmrAh1oHI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AW85RNzd5e8
Viking Age Swords Compared to Later Medieval Ones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqnSllg0TXM
Wealden Iron Industry
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/hist.htm
Weald Timeline
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Robertsbridge/timeline.htm
Blast furnace, watermill foundry
Blast furnace - Tudor
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m49s
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m58s
Bronze casting bell - strickle, lost wax method
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m8s
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Watermill Foundry
Watermill Foundry - forging Devon billhook - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inG3RVERfjA
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Bronze casting bell - strickle, lost wax method
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m8s
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Blacksmith
Blacksmith making tools medieval way. Camlann Medieval Village, Carnation, WA.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3tei6m07lc
Blacksmithing documentaries - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6EyEqhHATgy6d18kQ9Fh_Bo
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
Blacksmith's Passion - 18th Century reenactment > .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ80SWdUd-8
Bloomery to Blacksmithing
Fire-basket Arrowhead > .
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Essentials of Blacksmithing
Color clues in hardening metal
Yellow -- cutting stone
Blue -- cutting hot steel
Purple -- cutting wood
Edwardian Farm 5:
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=29m32s
Hardening tools by quenching
https://youtu.be/7P4eCopYK_Q?t=48m20s .
Primitive technology: Natural Draft Furnace
I built a natural draft furnace to test ideas about how hot a furnace could get without the use of bellows. Natural draft is the flow of air through a furnace due to rising hot air. The hot gasses in the fuel bed are more buoyant than the cold air outside the furnace causing them to rise. Fresh combustion air then enters the base of the furnace to replace the rising combustion gasses, keeping the fuel bed burning. This effect increases with: 1. the average temperature of the fuel bed relative to the outside air and 2. The height of the furnace. Two other important factors are the size of the tuyere (air entry pipe) and lump size of the fuel bed as these effect the resistance to airflow through the furnace. The furnace was tested with wood fuel and some ore was melted but produced no iron. High temperature were indeed produced (probably about 1200 c). These types of furnaces were once used for smelting copper and iron ores in around the world in ancient times, usually using charcoal as a fuel and in some cases wood too.
I designed the furnace using a formula from the book “The mastery and uses of fire in antiquity” by J.E. Rehder. It was designed to have a space velocity (air speed within the furnace) of 6 m per minute which is recommended for iron smelting. The furnace was 175 cm in total height but with a height of only 150 cm above the tuyere. The height between the air entry and the top of the furnace is what determines the strength of the draft, the space beneath the air entry is not included in the formula. The internal furnace diameter was 25 cm. The walls were about 12.5 cm thick at the base but got thinner with height. The tuyere (air entry pipe) was 7.5 cm internal diameter and about 20 cm long. The tuyere was placed into an opening in the base of the furnace and sealed with mud. The whole thing took about a week to make due to the slow drying time that was assisted by keeping a fire burning in side it. The furnace was designed to use charcoal (which in this case should be 2.5 cm diameter lumps) but I used wood to test it instead as it was easier to acquire. To test its melting ability, bog ore was found further down the creek and roasted. The roasted ore was then crushed and stored in a pot.
The furnace was filled with wood and lit from the top. The fire burnt down the furnace producing charcoal. On reaching the tuyere the fire then started burning the charcoal. Wood was also continually added from the top along with a few small handfuls of the roasted bog ore (not shown in the video). The temperature of hot objects can be visually estimated from their incandescence. After about an hour, the light coming out of the tuyere was high yellow to white hot indicating a temperature of at about 1200 c. Colour temperature charts vary but white hot is usually given to be at least 1200 c, examples of these charts can be found on the internet for reference. It was uncomfortable to stare into the tuyere and doing so left an after image when looking away, indicating the strength of its brightness. After about an hour and a half the furnace was left to burn out. When opened the next day the tuyere was covered in slag with bits of slag found on the furnace floor also.
This experiment shows that high temperatures can be achieved without the use of bellows or charcoal, which might significantly reduce labour in the production of iron. The furnace was technically easy to build as it was a simple vertical cylinder. When running, the wood added to the top of the furnace converts to charcoal in the upper part of the stack and is consumed in the lower part. The ore I used was new to me, normally I use iron bacteria as an ore. This new ore produced no metallic iron so I’m inclined to use iron bacteria in future. Natural draft furnaces were once used to smelt copper and iron ores in the past, usually with charcoal fuel and less frequently with wood. The main benefit of these furnaces seems to have been the reduction in labour they provide and simplified infrastructure (fewer workers and no bellows required during operation).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7wAJTGl2gc
Pyrotechnology
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGnWLXjIDnpBVRqu5lz5JGaQxjPs7q3CJ
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA/playlists .
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEWIuyeNp2k
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
Metal - bronze, brass - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ6Vqo28IWiJoVx0Q2uvLbI7
Metal - copper - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ67S7J7P1ImpR9coIkHitdN
Metal - iron - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ7Nl84L_EHc-PMfemRR1n1u
Metal - pewter, tin - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5xnITYIqZlGt04kPHOEqgi
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Smelting lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=11m56s
Refining smelted lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=23m32s
Bronze
Foundry: Prehistoric Bronze Casting - Making of an Iron Age ring - by Dr. Bastian Asmus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBAyEy3FBB0
Bronze Age Replica Casting a 1400 B C bronze axe in a soap stone mould
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt0XJz3Sf_0
Serendipitous discovery of steel
Normalized, hardened, tempered - Forging a Huge Bowie Knife (feat. Alec Steele)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt0XJz3Sf_0
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEWIuyeNp2k
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
Metal - bronze, brass - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ6Vqo28IWiJoVx0Q2uvLbI7
Metal - copper - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ67S7J7P1ImpR9coIkHitdN
Metal - pewter, tin - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5xnITYIqZlGt04kPHOEqgi
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Cupellation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupellation
Materials That Can Be Magnetized
http://sciencing.com/materials-can-magnetized-8412938.html
Smelting lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=11m56s
Refining smelted lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=23m32s
Bronze casting bell - strickle, lost wax method
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m8s
Bronze casting sword
https://youtu.be/jCuPb830_rk?t=33m39s
Forest of Dean
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Forest%20of%20Dean.htm
A Sword Fit For Kings: Forging Real Life Valyrian Steel
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUEw4eLdOGk
Secrets of the Viking Sword Documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTlmrAh1oHI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AW85RNzd5e8
Viking Age Swords Compared to Later Medieval Ones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqnSllg0TXM
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/hist.htm
Weald Timeline
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Robertsbridge/timeline.htm
Blast furnace, watermill foundry
Blast furnace - Tudor
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m49s
https://youtu.be/8OvPzvAB3EI?t=38m58s
Bronze casting bell - strickle, lost wax method
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m8s
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Watermill Foundry
Watermill Foundry - forging Devon billhook - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inG3RVERfjA
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Bronze casting bell - strickle, lost wax method
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=13m8s
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Blacksmith
Blacksmith making tools medieval way. Camlann Medieval Village, Carnation, WA.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3tei6m07lc
Blacksmithing documentaries - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6EyEqhHATgy6d18kQ9Fh_Bo
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ80SWdUd-8
Bloomery to Blacksmithing
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Essentials of Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZToka1-8oQA
Arrowhead, Forging a medieval long bodkin - English Heritage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aB0jkfI27Ew
Forging Arrow Heads - Rolling the Socket
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCQ8djS1ghk
Forging Medieval Arrow Heads - Drawing the Point
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFnvKoyScLg
Hector Cole Demonstrates how to forge a Saxon Tanged Arrowhead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUbky6NqEBw
The longbow series
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFCF15CB4B6832B2A
Forest of Dean
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Forest%20of%20Dean.htm
Wealden Iron Industry
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/hist.htm
Weald Timeline
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Robertsbridge/timeline.htm
Blacksmith Working a Medieval Forge in UK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwmQU_FKLCY
Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEFMsUiiH111Lhlx-ur5SBeN_M60RLHl7
The Birth Of A Weapon. Part I. English longbow making
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68L7n5Shd3I
Ancient Skills ∞ Tony Blake
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J
Weaponry, Medieval Warfare, Castles - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6GQ7hextiUuGvbRjuH7a8aX
An early 16th century reverberatory furnace for casting cannon - Applied Archaeometallurgy
"A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing."
.......
"Chemistry determines the optimum relationship between the fuel and the material, among other variables. The reverberatory furnace can be contrasted on the one hand with the blast furnace, in which fuel and material are mixed in a single chamber, and, on the other hand, with crucible, muffling, or retort furnaces, in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion including gases and flying ash. There are, however, a great many furnace designs, and the terminology of metallurgy has not been very consistently defined, so it is difficult to categorically contradict the other view."
....
"The first reverberatory furnaces were perhaps in the medieval period, and were used for melting bronze for casting bells. They were first applied to smelting metals in the late 17th century. Sir Clement Clerke and his son Talbot built cupolas or reverberatory furnaces in the Avon Gorge below Bristol in about 1678. In 1687, while obstructed from smelting lead (by litigation), they moved on to copper. In the following decades, reverberatory furnaces were widely adopted for smelting these metals and also tin. They had the advantage over older methods that the fuel was mineral coal, not charcoal or 'white coal' (chopped dried wood).
In the 1690s, they (or associates) applied the reverberatory furnace (in this case known as an air furnace) to melting pig iron for foundry purposes. This was used at Coalbrookdale and various other places, but became obsolete at the end of the 18th century with the introduction of the foundry cupola, which was a kind of small blast furnace, and a quite different species from the reverberatory furnace.
The puddling furnace, introduced by Henry Cort in the 1780s to replace the older finery process, was also a variety of reverberatory furnace."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace .
Iron production
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
Essentials of Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZToka1-8oQA
Arrowhead, Forging a medieval long bodkin - English Heritage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aB0jkfI27Ew
Forging Arrow Heads - Rolling the Socket
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCQ8djS1ghk
Forging Medieval Arrow Heads - Drawing the Point
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFnvKoyScLg
Hector Cole Demonstrates how to forge a Saxon Tanged Arrowhead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUbky6NqEBw
Arrowhead, Forging a medieval long bodkin - English Heritage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aB0jkfI27Ew
Forging Arrow Heads - Rolling the Socket
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCQ8djS1ghk
Forging Medieval Arrow Heads - Drawing the Point
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFnvKoyScLg
Hector Cole Demonstrates how to forge a Saxon Tanged Arrowhead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUbky6NqEBw
The longbow series
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFCF15CB4B6832B2A
Forest of Dean
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Forest%20of%20Dean.htm
Wealden Iron Industry
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/hist.htm
Weald Timeline
http://www.wealdeniron.org.uk/Robertsbridge/timeline.htm
Blacksmith Working a Medieval Forge in UK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwmQU_FKLCY
Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEFMsUiiH111Lhlx-ur5SBeN_M60RLHl7
The Birth Of A Weapon. Part I. English longbow making
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68L7n5Shd3I
Ancient Skills ∞ Tony Blake
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J
Weaponry, Medieval Warfare, Castles - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6GQ7hextiUuGvbRjuH7a8aX
An early 16th century reverberatory furnace for casting cannon - Applied Archaeometallurgy
"A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace that isolates the material being processed from contact with the fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. The term reverberation is used here in a generic sense of rebounding or reflecting, not in the acoustic sense of echoing."
.......
"Chemistry determines the optimum relationship between the fuel and the material, among other variables. The reverberatory furnace can be contrasted on the one hand with the blast furnace, in which fuel and material are mixed in a single chamber, and, on the other hand, with crucible, muffling, or retort furnaces, in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and all of the products of combustion including gases and flying ash. There are, however, a great many furnace designs, and the terminology of metallurgy has not been very consistently defined, so it is difficult to categorically contradict the other view."
....
"The first reverberatory furnaces were perhaps in the medieval period, and were used for melting bronze for casting bells. They were first applied to smelting metals in the late 17th century. Sir Clement Clerke and his son Talbot built cupolas or reverberatory furnaces in the Avon Gorge below Bristol in about 1678. In 1687, while obstructed from smelting lead (by litigation), they moved on to copper. In the following decades, reverberatory furnaces were widely adopted for smelting these metals and also tin. They had the advantage over older methods that the fuel was mineral coal, not charcoal or 'white coal' (chopped dried wood).
In the 1690s, they (or associates) applied the reverberatory furnace (in this case known as an air furnace) to melting pig iron for foundry purposes. This was used at Coalbrookdale and various other places, but became obsolete at the end of the 18th century with the introduction of the foundry cupola, which was a kind of small blast furnace, and a quite different species from the reverberatory furnace.
The puddling furnace, introduced by Henry Cort in the 1780s to replace the older finery process, was also a variety of reverberatory furnace."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace .
Iron production
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
Essentials of Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZToka1-8oQA
Arrowhead, Forging a medieval long bodkin - English Heritage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aB0jkfI27Ew
Forging Arrow Heads - Rolling the Socket
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCQ8djS1ghk
Forging Medieval Arrow Heads - Drawing the Point
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFnvKoyScLg
Hector Cole Demonstrates how to forge a Saxon Tanged Arrowhead
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUbky6NqEBw
Iron production in the Viking Age - Lofotr Viking Museum (2003)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j33LogIy-mo
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
How to make iron in the old way
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GicwSlSmaeE
Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEFMsUiiH111Lhlx-ur5SBeN_M60RLHl7
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j33LogIy-mo
Medieval Iron Production in Holland Thijs van de Manakker - smelting ore
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3rjjpuhCLI
How to make iron in the old way
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GicwSlSmaeE
Blacksmithing
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEFMsUiiH111Lhlx-ur5SBeN_M60RLHl7
Color clues in hardening metal
Yellow -- cutting stone
Blue -- cutting hot steel
Purple -- cutting wood
Edwardian Farm 5:
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=29m32s
Hardening tools by quenching
https://youtu.be/7P4eCopYK_Q?t=48m20s .
Chain mail
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw2UDtU2SgM
The longbow series
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFCF15CB4B6832B2A .
Furnace
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sw2UDtU2SgM
The longbow series
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFCF15CB4B6832B2A .
Furnace
Primitive technology: Natural Draft Furnace
I built a natural draft furnace to test ideas about how hot a furnace could get without the use of bellows. Natural draft is the flow of air through a furnace due to rising hot air. The hot gasses in the fuel bed are more buoyant than the cold air outside the furnace causing them to rise. Fresh combustion air then enters the base of the furnace to replace the rising combustion gasses, keeping the fuel bed burning. This effect increases with: 1. the average temperature of the fuel bed relative to the outside air and 2. The height of the furnace. Two other important factors are the size of the tuyere (air entry pipe) and lump size of the fuel bed as these effect the resistance to airflow through the furnace. The furnace was tested with wood fuel and some ore was melted but produced no iron. High temperature were indeed produced (probably about 1200 c). These types of furnaces were once used for smelting copper and iron ores in around the world in ancient times, usually using charcoal as a fuel and in some cases wood too.
I designed the furnace using a formula from the book “The mastery and uses of fire in antiquity” by J.E. Rehder. It was designed to have a space velocity (air speed within the furnace) of 6 m per minute which is recommended for iron smelting. The furnace was 175 cm in total height but with a height of only 150 cm above the tuyere. The height between the air entry and the top of the furnace is what determines the strength of the draft, the space beneath the air entry is not included in the formula. The internal furnace diameter was 25 cm. The walls were about 12.5 cm thick at the base but got thinner with height. The tuyere (air entry pipe) was 7.5 cm internal diameter and about 20 cm long. The tuyere was placed into an opening in the base of the furnace and sealed with mud. The whole thing took about a week to make due to the slow drying time that was assisted by keeping a fire burning in side it. The furnace was designed to use charcoal (which in this case should be 2.5 cm diameter lumps) but I used wood to test it instead as it was easier to acquire. To test its melting ability, bog ore was found further down the creek and roasted. The roasted ore was then crushed and stored in a pot.
The furnace was filled with wood and lit from the top. The fire burnt down the furnace producing charcoal. On reaching the tuyere the fire then started burning the charcoal. Wood was also continually added from the top along with a few small handfuls of the roasted bog ore (not shown in the video). The temperature of hot objects can be visually estimated from their incandescence. After about an hour, the light coming out of the tuyere was high yellow to white hot indicating a temperature of at about 1200 c. Colour temperature charts vary but white hot is usually given to be at least 1200 c, examples of these charts can be found on the internet for reference. It was uncomfortable to stare into the tuyere and doing so left an after image when looking away, indicating the strength of its brightness. After about an hour and a half the furnace was left to burn out. When opened the next day the tuyere was covered in slag with bits of slag found on the furnace floor also.
This experiment shows that high temperatures can be achieved without the use of bellows or charcoal, which might significantly reduce labour in the production of iron. The furnace was technically easy to build as it was a simple vertical cylinder. When running, the wood added to the top of the furnace converts to charcoal in the upper part of the stack and is consumed in the lower part. The ore I used was new to me, normally I use iron bacteria as an ore. This new ore produced no metallic iron so I’m inclined to use iron bacteria in future. Natural draft furnaces were once used to smelt copper and iron ores in the past, usually with charcoal fuel and less frequently with wood. The main benefit of these furnaces seems to have been the reduction in labour they provide and simplified infrastructure (fewer workers and no bellows required during operation).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7wAJTGl2gc
Pyrotechnology
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGnWLXjIDnpBVRqu5lz5JGaQxjPs7q3CJ
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAL3JXZSzSm8AlZyD3nQdBA/playlists .
Bloomery to Blast Furnace - bog iron to steel - history, technology, blacksmithing, science - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ4yu4Vcs9nIhm5pGhxnJ5W6
Early Metalworking - Bronze, Copper, Gold - forge, furnaces casting - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEWIuyeNp2k
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5IrSIpOHOrnQBhdC7u3eTX
Metal - bronze, brass - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ6Vqo28IWiJoVx0Q2uvLbI7
Metal - copper - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ67S7J7P1ImpR9coIkHitdN
Metal - iron - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ7Nl84L_EHc-PMfemRR1n1u
Metal - pewter, tin - Drakkar Knarr
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ5xnITYIqZlGt04kPHOEqgi
Metal Smithing - Silver, Copper, Bronze, Iron - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3oF3-AtjlTsTpNPcoKJU02
Smelting lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=11m56s
Refining smelted lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=23m32s
Bronze
Foundry: Prehistoric Bronze Casting - Making of an Iron Age ring - by Dr. Bastian Asmus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBAyEy3FBB0
Bronze Age Replica Casting a 1400 B C bronze axe in a soap stone mould
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yt0XJz3Sf_0
Serendipitous discovery of steel
Normalized, hardened, tempered - Forging a Huge Bowie Knife (feat. Alec Steele)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jQ4y0LK1kY
Material Properties 101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHZALtqAjeM
Mystery of Prince Rupert's Drop at 130,000 fps - Smarter Every Day 86
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xe-f4gokRBs .
Material Properties 101
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHZALtqAjeM
Mystery of Prince Rupert's Drop at 130,000 fps - Smarter Every Day 86
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xe-f4gokRBs .
Mining, Smelting, Refining
Mining, Smelting, Refining
Prehistoric copper smelting in a pit > .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uHc4Hirexc
Tudor Lead mining - Pennines, Derbyshire, Shropshire
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=32s
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=6m37s
Smelting lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=10m52s
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=17m48s
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=23m28s
Refining lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=24m
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
Edwardian - Copper mining and precipitating Cu on iron
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=4m36s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=18m5s
Assaying ore
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=20m39s
Precipitation tank
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=27m15s
Mining in Cornwall
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=35m51s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=37m13s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=44m
Blasting with dynamite
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=49m3s
Extracting tin from ore
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=51m43s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=56m15s
Wartime - Bevin Boys: 200 milion tons of coal/yr
https://youtu.be/j33DJk4-sMw?t=28m
https://youtu.be/j33DJk4-sMw?t=35m24s
Making History - Medieval Mining
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fdg5zOxqDyU
Ancient Mining Techniques [Documentary]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkvDEVP38zk
Bronze
https://youtu.be/-K8lSbLxzsc?t=23m22s
Metal -- smelting, furnaces, casting, smithing - LIST
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/JygYsb186sy
Blast Furnace, Watermill Foundry, Bronze Casting
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/J2pHbEHmWC7
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/4WkzqSWgJKS
Swords, weapons; Bronze Casting
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/Fgw74AWG2Pn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting#History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting#Tin_and_lead
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_English_Mining_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupellation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_and_metallurgy_in_medieval_Europe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uHc4Hirexc
Tudor Lead mining - Pennines, Derbyshire, Shropshire
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=32s
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=6m37s
Smelting lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=10m52s
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=17m48s
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=23m28s
Refining lead
https://youtu.be/madCyZtBHTk?t=24m
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
Edwardian - Copper mining and precipitating Cu on iron
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=4m36s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=18m5s
Assaying ore
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=20m39s
Precipitation tank
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=27m15s
Mining in Cornwall
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=35m51s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=37m13s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=44m
Blasting with dynamite
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=49m3s
Extracting tin from ore
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=51m43s
https://youtu.be/CixN0k4drhs?t=56m15s
Wartime - Bevin Boys: 200 milion tons of coal/yr
https://youtu.be/j33DJk4-sMw?t=28m
https://youtu.be/j33DJk4-sMw?t=35m24s
Making History - Medieval Mining
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fdg5zOxqDyU
Ancient Mining Techniques [Documentary]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkvDEVP38zk
Bronze
https://youtu.be/-K8lSbLxzsc?t=23m22s
Metal -- smelting, furnaces, casting, smithing - LIST
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/JygYsb186sy
Blast Furnace, Watermill Foundry, Bronze Casting
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/J2pHbEHmWC7
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/4WkzqSWgJKS
Swords, weapons; Bronze Casting
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/Fgw74AWG2Pn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting#History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting#Tin_and_lead
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_English_Mining_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupellation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_and_metallurgy_in_medieval_Europe
Metal & Smithing: Britons, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings
An indication of the vital role of the blacksmith in Anglo-Saxon England is to be found in the well-known passage of Aelfric’s Colloquy in which the pupil speaking for the smith asserts his primacy amongst the secular crafts.
""The ‘Counsellor’ answers: … You, what do you give us in your smithy but iron sparks, and the noise of hammers beating and bellows blowing?
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
Medieval Professions - KoHi >> .
Products of the blacksmith in Mid-Late Anglo-Saxon England - Medievalists.net
""The ‘Counsellor’ answers: … You, what do you give us in your smithy but iron sparks, and the noise of hammers beating and bellows blowing?
Experimental Archaeology (TT) - roasting ore, smelting iron > .
Medieval Professions - KoHi >> .
Products of the blacksmith in Mid-Late Anglo-Saxon England - Medievalists.net
Pewter, Gold, Silver
.How It's Made: Pewter Tankards - Science > .
It soon expanded into the far more lucrative domestic market. Millions of plates, dishes, flagons, salt-cellars and spoons were made, as well as mass-produced souvenir badges for pilgrims.
Scoured shining bright with sand and the mare’s-tail plant (rather than grey and oxidised, in the fashion of modern ‘antique’ pub tankards), English pewter was a cheap substitute for silver, much in demand throughout northern Europe.
Old and dented pewter could also be converted into new vessels in more fashionable shapes without much difficulty.
Gold & Silver
Gold and silver plate and showy jewellery were also convertible into ready money when times were hard, or else could be pawned or used as security for loans.
An outstanding example of ‘conspicuous consumption’, Richard, Duke of York’s ‘very rich collar called the White Rose’, encrusted with jewels and hung with a massive spear-pointed diamond, was valued at £2,666 against a loan in the 1440s.
The Middleham Jewel, a mid-15th-century gold pendant set with a sapphire found near Middleham Castle, North Yorkshire, in 1985, testifies to the high quality of English goldsmiths’ work. And goldsmiths (who also made and dealt in silverware) were, not surprisingly, among the richest of the guilds that dominated the trade of English towns.
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-2/commerce/ .
Pewter
Second only to cloth among mid-15th-century English exports was pewter. An alloy of tin with lead – both readily available in England – together with a small proportion of copper, this easily moulded and worked material was at first used mainly for inexpensive chalices and altar vessels.It soon expanded into the far more lucrative domestic market. Millions of plates, dishes, flagons, salt-cellars and spoons were made, as well as mass-produced souvenir badges for pilgrims.
Scoured shining bright with sand and the mare’s-tail plant (rather than grey and oxidised, in the fashion of modern ‘antique’ pub tankards), English pewter was a cheap substitute for silver, much in demand throughout northern Europe.
Old and dented pewter could also be converted into new vessels in more fashionable shapes without much difficulty.
Gold & Silver
Gold and silver plate and showy jewellery were also convertible into ready money when times were hard, or else could be pawned or used as security for loans.
An outstanding example of ‘conspicuous consumption’, Richard, Duke of York’s ‘very rich collar called the White Rose’, encrusted with jewels and hung with a massive spear-pointed diamond, was valued at £2,666 against a loan in the 1440s.
The Middleham Jewel, a mid-15th-century gold pendant set with a sapphire found near Middleham Castle, North Yorkshire, in 1985, testifies to the high quality of English goldsmiths’ work. And goldsmiths (who also made and dealt in silverware) were, not surprisingly, among the richest of the guilds that dominated the trade of English towns.
http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/story-of-england/medieval-part-2/commerce/ .
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