Medieval: crisis

Showing posts with label crisis. Show all posts

Spanish Inquisition

Ugly History: Spanish Inquisition - TED-Ed > .

In 1478, Pope Sixtus IV issued a decree authorizing the Catholic monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to root out "heresy" in the Spanish kingdoms. The inquisition quickly turned its attention to ridding the region of people who were not part of the Catholic Church— leading to more than 350 years of ethnic cleansing. Kayla Wolf digs into the persecution and brutality of the Spanish Inquisition.

Church upheavals

Milestones in Crowd Control

Medieval Antisemitism: An Introduction ~Dr Lackner > .

523-4 – Boethius writes The Consolation of Philosophy
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, a Roman senator and official, is imprisoned by King Theodoric the Great. As he awaits his trial, Boethius writes this philosophical treatise, which examines various questions, including why bad things happen to good people. It has since become a major work of philosophy.

525 – Anno Domini calendar invented
A monk named Dionysius Exiguus creates this new dating system as part of his efforts to understand the dating of Easter. It wanted the year 1 AD to be the date when Jesus Christ was born, although later calculations show that his birth occurred before this. Gradually use of this calendar became more widespread, and is now the most widely accepted system for counting years in the world.

529-34 – Code of Justinian issued
A set of laws created during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it is considered an important milestone in the history of law.

563 – St Columbus founds Iona
The Irish missionary Columba and 12 companions set up a monastery on the Isle of Iona, just off the Scottish coast. This event marks an important point in the development of Christianity in the British Isles and the rise of monasticism in Western Europe.

590 – Gregory the Great becomes Pope
Gregorius Anicius is elected Pope, taking the name Gregory I. He would reign until 604, and would undertake a series of measures that strengthened the role of the Papacy and spread the Christian religion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcPK5dp2dfQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPnDcMbFXaM .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVpDSz8BRBk .
Anglo-Saxon Primary Sources - VoP >> .

735 – Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the History of the English Church and People in Latin, perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ

? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum ?

793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne
Raiders from Scandinavia attack a monastery at Lindisfarne. It is seen as the beginning of Norse attacks and expansion in Europe.

910 – Cluny Abbey founded
Founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, this French monastery would become an important centre of Christianity in the Middle Ages.

1054 – Great Schism
An official break between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches which lasts to the present-day.

1095 – First Crusade is launched
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls upon Christians to undertake a military expedition in support of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. It would lead to the conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concerted effort by Western Europeans to take control of the Near East.

1098 – Cistercians founded
Robert, abbot of Molesme, establishes a new religious order in Cîteaux. The Cistercians offered a different kind of monastic reform that would be popular in medieval Europe.

1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
Invoked by Pope Innocent III, this meeting would see hundreds of bishops and religious figures attend, and bring about sweeping changes to Catholic doctrine.

1215 – Magna Carta
A charter agreed to by King John of England and his rebellious barons, the document would come to be seen as the beginning of legal limits on the power of monarchs.

1216 – Dominican Order
The Dominican order is founded by St. Dominic of Spain and is authorized by Innocent III. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.

1265 – Thomas Aquinas begins his Summa Theologiae
This Dominican friar does not complete this massive work before his death in 1274, but the text has become one of the most important works on theology.

Thomas Aquinas 1 > .Thomas Aquinas 2 > .

1378 – Western Schism begins
A split within the Catholic churches that would see two or three men claiming to be Pope at the same time.

http://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/10-medieval-dates-you-need-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages
http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/middleageschron.html

50 Most Important Events of the Middle Ages .

Church and Crown to Parliament

Henry II and Becket

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EKUIBz_po0 .
Magna Carta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDZBNwpYmfQ .
First Parliaments
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M9LCXI-V0I .
Peasants Revolt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3EzLF2rOKY .

1381 - 100K Furious Medieval Peasants Revolted | Chronicle > .

Criticism of Late Medieval Religion

7. Late Medieval Religion and Its Critics > .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kf-GsRGb3Y .

Henry II, Thomas Becket

.Why Henry II Wanted Rid of Archbishop Thomas Becket | Timeline > .

1170-12-29: Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, killed in Cathedral - HiPo > .

Rise of Thomas Becket | Murder and Martyrdom of Becket | 1 - Hi Hub > .

Murder of Thomas Becket | Murder and Martyrdom of Becket | 2 - HiHub > .

Britain’s Bloodiest Dynasty - Timeline >> .

The Plantagenets - History Hub >> .

On 29 December 1170 Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered in front of the altar of Canterbury Cathedral.

Thomas Becket was appointed Chancellor by Henry II in 1155. In this job he proved himself to be a faithful member of the king’s court. When Theobald, the existing Archbishop of Canterbury died, Henry seized the chance to dominate the church by appointing the trustworthy Becket to succeed him.

Having a loyal friend in the most senior religious position in England made sense to Henry. However, as Archbishop of Canterbury, Becket’s allegiance quickly switched to siding with the church. This frustrated Henry who asked Becket to sign the Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 to extend the king’s authority over the clergy. Becket refused and, shortly after being summoned to the king to explain his actions, fled to France.

Becket returned to England in 1170, but not before excommunicating two senior members of the clergy for supporting Henry. This act led to him being the target of an angry outburst by the king. It is highly unlikely, however, that Henry screamed out the words ‘Who will rid me of this troublesome priest?’

Whatever Henry said was enough to encourage four knights to travel to Canterbury and kill the Archbishop inside the Cathedral. The event was recorded in a later history by the monk Edward Grim. He claimed that the fatal blow split Becket’s skull as he knelt in front of the altar.

Becket was canonised by Pope Alexander III barely two years after the murder, and in 1174 the king himself walked barefoot to Becket’s tomb in Canterbury in penance.

Henry II

Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress, or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 until his death in 1189. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. King Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Count Geoffrey V, in 1151. His marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled, made him Duke of Aquitaine. He became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1158. Before he was 40 he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France; an area that was later called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland and the Duchy of Brittany.

Henry was the son of Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. He became actively involved by the age of 14 in his mother's efforts to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois, and was made Duke of Normandy at 17. He inherited Anjou in 1151 and shortly afterwards married Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII of France had recently been annulled. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later.

Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I. During the early years of his reign the younger Henry restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades. Henry expanded his empire, often at Louis' expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; despite numerous peace conferences and treaties, no lasting agreement was reached. By 1172, he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France, an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire.

Henry and Eleanor had eight children. As they grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of the empire began to emerge, encouraged by Louis and his son King Philip II. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers Richard and Geoffrey and by their mother, Eleanor. France, Scotland, Brittany, Flanders, and Boulogne allied themselves with the rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. The Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for his youngest son John, but Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy all his sons' desires for land and immediate power. Philip successfully played on Richard's fears that Henry would make John king, and a final rebellion broke out in 1189. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon castle in Anjou, where he died.

Henry's empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his youngest son John. Many of the changes Henry introduced during his long rule, however, had long-term consequences. Henry's legal changes are generally considered to have laid the basis for the English Common Law, while his intervention in Brittany, Wales and Scotland shaped the development of their societies and governmental systems. Historical interpretations of Henry's reign have changed considerably over time. In the 18th century, scholars argued that Henry was a driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also expressed concern over his private life and treatment of Becket. Late-20th-century historians have combined British and French historical accounts of Henry, challenging earlier Anglo-centric interpretations of his reign.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England

John Lackland

.King John: England's Horrible Monarch; Granting Human Rights - Bio > .

2:00 - 1 - The spoiled little prince

4:15 - 2 - Crusader king

8:45 - skip ad to 3 - Conquering failure

10:55 - 4 - Taxman cometh

14:20 - 5 - The godforsaken king

17:40 - 6 - The great charter

19:35 - 7 - The final disaster

21:20 - 8 - Aftermath

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the French Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

John was the youngest of the four surviving sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was nicknamed John Lackland because he was not expected to inherit significant lands. He became Henry's favourite child following the failed revolt of 1173–74 by his brothers Henry the Young King, Richard, and Geoffrey against the King. John was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. The war between Henry II and his elder sons ended with the deaths of Henry the Young King and Geoffrey. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against the royal administrators of his brother, King Richard, whilst Richard was participating in the Third Crusade, but he was proclaimed king after Richard died in 1199. He came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200.

When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton, and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. He spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. His judicial reforms had a lasting effect on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute he finally settled in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed because of the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis VIII of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.

Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the current historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness, and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.

Sir Thomas Mortimer

Sir Thomas Mortimer (c. 1350–1403) illegitimate son of Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March

Battle of Radcot Bridge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Radcot_Bridge

Sir Thomas Mortimer was an English soldier, statesman and judge of the late fourteenth century who served briefly as Lord Deputy of Ireland and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He is mainly remembered now for killing Sir Thomas Molineux, the royal commander at the Battle of Radcot Bridge, a crime which ultimately led to his conviction for treason. He fled for his life and died in exile.

In December 1387, at Radcot Bridge, the Appellants clashed with the royal army, headed by Robert de Vere and Sir Thomas Molineux, Constable of Chester Castle; de Vere was defeated and forced to flee the country. Mortimer himself killed Molineux, one of the few casualties of the fight. According to Holinshed, Molineux, who had attempted to flee, pleaded for his life, but Mortimer pulled off Molinuex's helmet and stabbed him in the head with a dagger.

During the brief rule of the Appellants, Mortimer was in high favour. He was appointed Justiciar of Ireland, but Richard, despite his temporary loss of power, somehow managed to countermand the appointment (no doubt he feared to surrender control of Ireland entirely to his enemies) and it never took effect. Despite the King's mistrust of them, Thomas and his nephew Roger, with troops, accompanied him on his Irish expedition in 1394; and when Roger was reappointed Lord Lieutenant in 1396, Thomas went to Ireland with him.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mortimer

Thomas Mortimer and Thomas Molineux: Radcot Bridge and the Appeal of 1397
The appeal for treason lodged against Sir Thomas Mortimer in the parliament of 1397 as well as the entire background to the event has been the subject of considerable confusion. Much of this confusion has been the result of poor communication within the historical community. The information has been available, but it has appeared in diverse places. Thus, the two most recent biographers of Richard II, Anthony Steel and Harold Hutchison, have each been puzzled by the appeal of Mortimer: “The reasons for his inclusion are not clear…”; “…a mysterious addition for which no satisfactory explanation has ever been offered.” Sir Charles Oman, however, offered an explanation over sixty years ago: “As a small supplementary addition to the appeals of the previous autumn, two noted supporters of Gloucester in 1387 were dealt with—Lord Cobham, and Sir Thomas Mortimer, who had murdered the constable of Chester at Radcot Bridge.” Oman was not quite accurate when he grouped Mortimer with Cobham. Although Sir Thomas was not included in the original bill of appeal, he was cited in the summary of the appeal and the subsequent processes of the autumn session of Richard II's last parliament; lord Cobham did not become involved until the parliament reassembled in the next year. Oman's explanation of the matter, however, is not vitiated by this error. It, therefore, deserves further investigation as a solution to the mystery of Mortimer's appeal.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/albion/article/thomas-mortimer-and-thomas-molineux-radcot-bridge-and-the-appeal-of-1397/6524B054DEB552BA5D828D609B1570E2
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048228?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents .

Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk

Michael de la Pole, 1st Baron de la Pole, later 1st Earl of Suffolk (c. 1330 – 5 September 1389) was an English financier and Lord Chancellor of England.

Lords Appellant

1386 - Wonderful Parliament

1387 - Battle of Radcot Bridge

1388 - Merciless Parliament

Michael de la Pole was the eldest son of Sir William de la Pole (d. 1366) and Catherine Norwich, daughter of Sir Walter Norwich. His younger brother was Edmund de la Pole.

His father was a wool merchant from Hull who became a key figure during the reign of Edward III: after the collapse of the Bardi and Peruzzi families, he emerged as Edward's chief financier. Michael enjoyed even greater popularity at court than his father, becoming one of the most trusted and intimate friends of Edward's successor, Richard II.

He was appointed Chancellor in 1383, and created Earl of Suffolk in 1385, the first of his family to hold any such title. However, in the late 1380s his fortunes radically altered, in step with those of the king. During the Wonderful Parliament of 1386 he was impeached on charges of embezzlement and negligence, a victim of increasing tensions between Parliament and Richard. He was the first official in English history to be removed from office by the process of impeachment. Even after this disgrace, he remained in royal favour, although soon fell foul of the Lords Appellant. He was one of a number of Richard's associates accused of treason by the Appellants in November 1387. After the Appellants' victory at Radcot Bridge (December 1387) and before the so-called Merciless Parliament met in February 1388, De La Pole shrewdly fled to Paris, thus escaping the fate of Sir Nicholas Brembre and Chief Justice Robert Tresilian. He remained in France for the remainder of his life. Sentenced in his absence, his title was stripped from him.

Jean Froissart's references to de la Pole in the Chroniques (II.173) portray a devious and ineffectual counsellor, who dissuaded Richard from pursuing a certain victory against French and Scottish forces in Cumberland, and fomented undue suspicion of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_de_la_Pole,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk
https://thehistoryjar.com/2017/07/18/michael-de-la-pole-earl-of-suffolk-chancellor-traitor-and-retainer/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor#History

Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk - Wikipedia

Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford

Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland, Marquess of Dublin, and 9th Earl of Oxford KG (16 January 1362 – 22 November 1392) was a favourite and court companion of King Richard II of England. He was the ninth Earl of Oxford and the first and only Duke of Ireland and Marquess of Dublin.

Battle of Radcot Bridge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Radcot_Bridge

Robert de Vere was the only son of Thomas de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford and Maud de Ufford. He succeeded his father as 9th Earl in 1371, and was created Marquess of Dublin in 1385. The next year (1386) he was created Duke of Ireland. He was thus the first marquess, and only the second non-princely duke (after Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster in 1337), in England. King Richard's close friendship to de Vere was disagreeable to the political establishment. This displeasure was exacerbated by the earl's elevation to the new title of Duke of Ireland in 1386. His relationship with King Richard was very close and rumored by Thomas Walsingham to be homosexual.

Robert, Duke of Ireland, was married to Philippa de Coucy, the King's first cousin (her mother, Isabella, was the sister of the King's father, Edward, the Black Prince and the eldest daughter of Edward III). Robert had an affair with Agnes de Launcekrona, a Czech lady-in-waiting of Richard's Queen, Anne of Bohemia. In 1387, the couple were separated and eventually divorced; Robert took Launcekrona as his second wife.

Since Robert was hugely unpopular with the other nobles and magnates, his close relationship with King Richard was one of the catalysts for the emergence of an organised opposition to Richard's rule in the form of the Lords Appellant.

In 1387, Ireland led Richard's forces to defeat at Radcot Bridge outside Oxford, against the forces of the Lords Appellant. He fled the field and his forces were left leaderless and compelled into ignominious surrender.

He was attainted and sentenced to death in absentia by the Merciless Parliament of 1388, which also made him forfeit his titles and lands. People associated with him were also affected, for the parliament also dismissed his Irish Administration, composed of John Stanley, his deputy, who had been serving as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, the governor, Bishop Alexander de Balscot of Meath, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and Sir Robert Crull, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland. Fortuitously for him, he had already fled abroad into exile directly after Radcot Bridge.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_Duke_of_Ireland
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/robertdevere.htm

William de Vere (died 1198) was Bishop of Hereford and an Augustinian canon. The son of Aubrey de Vere II and Adeliza of Clare, probably the fourth of five sons, and brother of Aubrey de Vere III first earl of Oxford, de Vere spent part of his youth at the court of King Henry I of England and his second wife, Queen Adeliza of Leuven.

He later entered the household of Archbishop Theobald of Bec of Canterbury (d. 1163). He served in the archbishop's household with near-contemporaries Thomas Becket and John of Salisbury in the 1150s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Vere .

On 6 January 1066 Harold Godwinson was crowned Harold II, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England.

Edward the Confessor had died the previous day, having suffered a series of strokes in late 1065 that caused him to lie in a coma for much of the remainder of his life. Edward died without an heir, and this sparked a succession crisis that culminated in the Norman invasion of England later that year.

The Normans claimed that Edward had promised the throne of England to William of Normandy. This is reported by various Norman chroniclers, and the Bayeux Tapestry even shows Harold swearing an oath on sacred relics to support William’s claim to the English throne after he was shipwrecked in 1064. The reliability of the Tapestry’s account is debated by historians, especially since it goes against the English tradition that the new king would be chosen by the Witenaġemot – the ‘meeting of wise men’.

Whatever the truth of Edward’s promise and Harold’s meeting with William, Edward apparently regained consciousness and entrusted his kingdom to Harold for ‘protection’ shortly before he died. When the Witenaġemot met on 6 January they elected Harold to be the new king, and his coronation took place the same day. Historians generally believe that this took place in Westminster Abbey, which had been built by Edward and was consecrated just a few days earlier on 28 December 1065.

Hearing of Harold’s accession to the English throne, William of Normandy soon began preparing to invade. Harold reigned for barely nine months before being killed at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October by the Norman invaders.

.1066-9-28 - William of Normandy lands in England - 28th September 1066 > .

1066-12-25: William of Normandy = William the Conqueror, crowned King - HiPo > .

Viking Invasion & Norman Conquest of England 1066 - BazB >> .

On 25th December 1066, William of Normandy was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.

William defeated the English king Harold II at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, but was forced to fight on after a number of English nobles nominated Edgar the Ætheling as the new king. When William led his Norman troops across the Thames at Wallingford in early December they were met by Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who just a few weeks earlier had elected Edgar as king. However, he immediately abandoned Edgar and submitted to William, who soon marched to Berkhamsted where Edgar himself gave up his claim to the throne.

William’s coronation in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day saw both Norman and English nobility in attendance. Norman troops were stationed outside the Abbey and in the surrounding streets in case of trouble while the coronation itself was conducted by Geoffrey, the Bishop of Coutances, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York. The account of Orderic Vitalis, the Anglo-French chronicler of Norman England, tells how the assembled nobles ‘shouted out with one voice’ when asked if they agreed to William becoming King of England.

The troops outside mistook these cheers for a fight between the Normans and English inside the church and set fire to some of the English houses nearby before charging into the Abbey itself. The arrival of the troops panicked the coronation guests, many of whom fled the Abbey while the bishops frantically finished the ceremony amid the commotion. After Edward the Confessor and Harold Godwinson, William became the third person to wear the crown of England that year.

14 October 1066 | The Brutal Battle that Killed King Harold of England 2:24

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jurwgaFyuLU

The Battle of Hastings 1066 - The Normans - BBC Two
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLy1LskT6Y8

1066, Normans, Domesday
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCwAB8Aw_8oK_RK98FBvtnrq*

1066 Harald Hardrada ..

1066 Harald Hardrada

Harald Hardrada: King of Norway > .

Harald Hardrada: Warrior King of Norway (Vikings Doc) > .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada .

? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=harald+hardrada ?

536 CE - Worst

.536: The Worst Year Ever - Side > .

Ж 1066

.1066-1-6 Coronation of Harold Godwinson (Harold II), last Anglo-Saxon king > .

Viking Invasion & Norman Conquest of England 1066 - BazB >> .

Norman Conquest

Monarchy examines the history of kingship in England from William to Conqueror on through the House of Norman. William seizes the throne after the battle of Hastings and is crowned in Westminster Abbey in London. He suppresses the Anglo-Saxons and consolidates his holdings by building fortifications throughout England. William Rufus the second son of William the Conqueror becomes king after his father's death. Disliked by the Church for his irreligious ways, he is killed by an arrow while hunting in the New Forest. After his death, his brother Henry crowns himself king. He consolidates his power by reviving the popular traditions of the Anglo-Saxon kings. After the death of his son, Henry appoints his daughter Matilda as his successor but after his death his nephew Stephen seizes the throne. Eventually this sparks a civil war which ends when Stephen agrees to appoint her son Henry as the heir to the throne.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1021789/?ref_=ttep_ep3
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0431550/

For better, for worse - μόνος ἄρχω - monarchy
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLs5H4V1x-xBiT1yW-MZLVGxc9mcIzzXPh

Complete Bayeaux Tapestry > .

The Animated Bayeux Tapestry > .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvfxjXzSjGg

1066, Normans, Domesday

Why William won at the Battle of Hastings > .

1066, Normans, Domesday - Tony Blake
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCwAB8Aw_8oK_RK98FBvtnrq

1066 a year to conquer england - Allthemed Docs 2
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1jaH3Hh_0mV-NG09RsoLU7BT4ndBzBat
1.

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_lm3ELScscoQ16v6Syx7aQ/playlists
2.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKlqRt8NP4IdvUHestJWQzg/playlists

1066 Harald Hardrada ..

Battles - Lewes 1264, Evesham 1265 CE

Henry III, Simon de Montfort (6th Earl of Leicester) - Second Barons' War

Battle of Lewes 1264 CE > .

Battle of Evesham 1265 CE > .

Lewes: Provision of Oxford, Edward Longshanks, Henry III captured, Mise of Lewes
Evesham: De Montfort's Parliament, Earl Gilbert de Clare, Simon the Younger, Llewelyn ap Gruffudd, de Montfort killed, Dictum of Kenilworth

The Battle of Lewes was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War. It took place at Lewes in Sussex, on 14 May 1264. It marked the high point of the career of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and made him the "uncrowned King of England". Henry III left the safety of Lewes Castle and St. Pancras Priory to engage the Barons in battle and was initially successful, his son Prince Edward routing part of the baronial army with a cavalry charge. However Edward pursued his quarry off the battlefield and left Henry's men exposed. Henry was forced to launch an infantry attack up Offham Hill where he was defeated by the barons' men defending the hilltop. The royalists fled back to the castle and priory and the King was forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, ceding many of his powers to Montfort.

The Battle of Evesham (4 August 1265) was one of the two main battles of 13th century England's Second Barons' War. With the Battle of Lewes, de Montfort had won control of royal government, but after the defection of several close allies and the escape from captivity of Prince Edward, he found himself on the defensive. Forced to engage the royalists at Evesham, he faced an army twice the size of his own. The battle took place on 4 August 1265, near the town of Evesham, Worcestershire.

The battle soon turned into a massacre; Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, was killed and his body mutilated. This marked the defeat of and the rebellious barons by the future King Edward I, who led the forces of his father, King Henry III. Though the battle effectively restored royal authority, scattered resistance remained until the Dictum of Kenilworth was signed in 1267.

Ж Black Death to Peasants' Revolt

A Day In the Life Living With the Plague > .
Why Plague Doctors Wore Strange Masks > .
Pandemics Economically Worse than War - 1st Pandemic - Pandemic Hx 1 - tgh > .
Pandemics & the Economy | The Lasting Effects of the Black Death > .
How did Medieval People respond to the Black Death? - same > .

How Eyam in Derbyshire 'self-isolated' during Bubonic Plague > .
Plague in the Ancient and Medieval World - same > .

John Ball's Sermon to the People | The Peasants' Revolt 1381 > .

1381: Medieval Peasants' Bloody Revolt Against The Nobles | Peasants’ Revolt > .

The Great Pestilence - The Black Death - arch >> .

The Peasants' Revolt (The Great Revolt) - HiHu >> .

Black Death to Peasants' Revolt
https://youtu.be/V6sw5J3mvxw?t=14m55s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6sw5J3mvxw
In Our Time - playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCpYM0jg1d5MDqY_jgDMoMFNVEZBqO-Ci

London, 1381 - Peasants' Revolt

1381 - Battle of North Walsham - 25 or 26 June 1381
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_North_Walsham
Great Rising, 1381 .

Ж Black Death - Impacts

History of the Black Death - 1 - Flash > .

Life After the Black Death Ended - Weird > .

Pandemic, Epidemic, Endemic - Tar >> .

Pestilence, Pandemics, Pox - TThu >> .

Plague in the Ancient and Medieval World - same > .
Pandemics Economically Worse than War - 1st Pandemic - Pandemic Hx 1 - tgh > .
Pandemics & the Economy | The Lasting Effects of the Black Death > .
How did Medieval People respond to the Black Death? - same > .

Why Were Jews Persecuted During the Black Death? - HiHe > .

Black Death
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhsPPBGtquo

The Siege of Caffa and the Scourge of the Bubonic Plague
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5tI8-8Fn8Y
Black Death Explained in 8 Minutes - CaHi > .

Black Death -- Economic Impacts
https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/8241_BlackDeath.pdf

Pandemics & the Economy | The Lasting Effects of the Black Death > .
How did Medieval People respond to the Black Death? - same > .
Black Death Explained in 8 Minutes - CaHi > .

History of the Black Death - 1 - fph > .
History of the Black Death - 2 - fph > .
History of the Black Death - 3 - fph > .

Black Death list:

Bubonic plague first swept Europe in the age of Justinian, in the sixth century, killing an estimated 25 million people in the Byzantine Empire and spreading further west. Its most devastating outbreak was in mid-fourteenth-century Europe, when it destroyed perhaps a third of the continent's population. Italian city-states pioneered the policies of quarantine and isolation that remained standard preventive measures for many centuries; religious revival and popular disturbances, crime and conflict may have spread as life was cheapened by the mass impact of the plague. The economic effects of the drastic reduction in population were severe, though not necessarily negative. Later outbreaks of the plague culminated in outbreaks in Seville (1647), London (1665), Vienna (1679) and Marseilles (1720) and then it disappeared from Europe while recurring in Asia through the nineteenth century. The plague set the template for many later confrontations with epidemic disease. Gresham College.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RArMJO4wVcg

Black Death - Statistics - (wills) International School History
Death rate = 16 x norm for 10 months = ~ 60% of 60,000 in London
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-p_eC6eNJN4

Curse of the Rat: The Black Death - History Documentary 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j7aI-96SZXk

Secrets of the Great Plague - survival b/o immune system
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ8JQZwiwWE

Black Death Spread - Europe - 1346 to 1351

Black Death First Spread: The First Wave Sweeps across Europe

https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/8241_BlackDeath.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death_in_England

https://dogsharon.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/blackdeath.gif .

The Black Death in Walsham, Suffolk

https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/8241_BlackDeath.pdf

The Black Death in Walsham | The Great Courses Plus

John de Trokelowe, Annales: Famine of 1315
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/famin1315a.asp

The Great Famine
https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/5670_guidebook.pdf

How Black Death Reshaped Town and Field | The Great Courses Plus

https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/5670_guidebook.pdf

New research maps in unique detail the devastation of the Black Death on medieval England .

https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/black-death-plague-begins/
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/the-plague-symptoms-and-diagnosis/
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/the-black-death-is-the-plague-still-a-threat/

The Economics of the Black Death | The Great Courses Plus

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