Showing posts with label thought. Show all posts
Showing posts with label thought. Show all posts

When to when?

Imagine a world without effective medicine, surgery, or anaesthetics. A world devoid of plastics or synthetic fabrics. A world in which agricultural productivity was so low that animal products were a luxury to many. This was a brutal world of entrenched social inequality, almost devoid of labour-saving devices. A world in which even dim lighting was expensive during long, cold, winter nights.

Welcome to the Middle Ages.

When were the Middle Ages? > . 
Misconceptions about the Middle Ages - Dr Eleanor Janega & Jason Kingsley > .
"Scholars have advocated many different termini for our period, and there seems to be little agreement and indeed little basis for reasoned argument on these points. The Middle Ages begin, we are told, with the death of Theodosius in 395, or with the settlement of Germanic tribes in the Roman Empire, or with the sack of Rome in 410, or with the fall of the Western Roman Empire (usually dated A.D. 476), or even as late as the Moslem occupation of the Mediterranean. It ends … with the fall of Constantinople, or with the invention of printing, or with the discovery of America, or with the beginning of the Italian wars (1494), or with the Lutheran Reformation (1517), or with the election of Charles V (1519). Several reference works I have consulted simply assert that the Middle Ages ended in 1500, presumably on New Year's Eve. Yet another terminus often given for the Middle Ages is the so-called “Revival of Learning,” that marvelous era when Humanist scholars “discovered” classical texts and restored them to mankind after the long Gothic night. Medievalists must always smile a little over these “discoveries,” for we know where the Humanists discovered those classical texts—namely, in medieval manuscripts, where medieval scribes had been carefully preserving them for mankind over the centuries. … In view of all this disagreement over the duration of the Middle Ages, perhaps we should content ourselves with saying that our period extends from the close of the classical period to the beginning of the Renaissance. If classicists and Renaissance scholars don't know when their periods begin and end, then that is their problem."
Source:
Robinson, Fred. C. [1984]. “Medieval: the Middle Ages.” Speculum 59, pp. 745–56. (Presidential address to the annual meeting of the Medieval Academy of America, 1984.)
Cited here : Spade, Paul Vincent, "Medieval Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL. 

[On the other hand, since there are no widely-accepted limits, it is much easier to remember 500 CE to 1500 CE.]
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Ignorance & Fear ⇒ Superstition

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𝕸 Superstition

Abbeys, Churches, Convents, Friaries. Monasteries

Customs, Folk Lore

Medicine
Alchemy, Primitive Medicine ..
Alchemy to Science ..
Spanish Inquisition ..
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SDH - Superstition - Dog-Headed Men

3 Accounts - Dog-Headed Men - Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Mandeville - VoP > .
Do the Dog-Headed Men Have Souls? - Letter from 9th Century Monk - VoP > .

Somewhere in the distant seas past India, these three famous explorers from completely different backgrounds came across [claims of?] a race of men called the Cynocephaly: a remarkable people with the "heads of dogs".

Though Sir John Mandeville's account (and very existence) is heavily questioned by historians, quite what brought the otherwise reliable Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta to corroborate the ancient legends of the Dog-Headed Men is less clear...

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Why Superstition Reigned


[Once again, a program appears to avoid explicitly stating the obvious. In essence, it has been repeatedly observed that those who were sexually abused as children are more likely to believe that there are 'monsters under every bed', and more likely to cope with unavoidable trauma by dissociating. Those forced to resort to DID in order to cope with early, prolonged abuse are more likely to appear to be 'possessed' by 'demonic' alter personalities. Those who were physically abused as children are more likely to distrust the world. Unfortunately, exorcism is yet another form of abuse. Too long misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, and more lately as bipolar and borderline personality disorders, DID is a reversible condition, but only after years of appropriate therapy -- which exorcism very definitely is not.]
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𝕸 Philosophy

𝕸 Natural Philosophy ..

Early Medieval Philosophy ..       
Ecclesiastical (superstitious) Curse ..
SDH - Superstition - Dog-Headed Men ..
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Early Medieval Philosophy

Warning: Wheaton College was founded by evangelical abolitionists in 1860. Controversially, Wheaton College was prominently featured in the 2001 PBS documentary Evolution, which showcased Wheaton professors' acceptance of theistic evolution. However, given the institutionalized-superstition bias of medieval theology, the upload seems mythically appropriate:
⇒ Wheaton College - History of Philosophy >> . 
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Church upheavals

Milestones in Crowd Control

Medieval Antisemitism: An Introduction ~Dr Lackner > . 

523-4 – Boethius writes The Consolation of Philosophy
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, a Roman senator and official, is imprisoned by King Theodoric the Great. As he awaits his trial, Boethius writes this philosophical treatise, which examines various questions, including why bad things happen to good people. It has since become a major work of philosophy.

525 – Anno Domini calendar invented
A monk named Dionysius Exiguus creates this new dating system as part of his efforts to understand the dating of Easter. It wanted the year 1 AD to be the date when Jesus Christ was born, although later calculations show that his birth occurred before this. Gradually use of this calendar became more widespread, and is now the most widely accepted system for counting years in the world.

529-34 – Code of Justinian issued
A set of laws created during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it is considered an important milestone in the history of law.

563 – St Columbus founds Iona
The Irish missionary Columba and 12 companions set up a monastery on the Isle of Iona, just off the Scottish coast. This event marks an important point in the development of Christianity in the British Isles and the rise of monasticism in Western Europe.

590 – Gregory the Great becomes Pope
Gregorius Anicius is elected Pope, taking the name Gregory I. He would reign until 604, and would undertake a series of measures that strengthened the role of the Papacy and spread the Christian religion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcPK5dp2dfQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPnDcMbFXaM .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVpDSz8BRBk .
Anglo-Saxon Primary Sources - VoP >> .

735 – Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the History of the English Church and People in Latin, perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ

? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum ?

793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne
Raiders from Scandinavia attack a monastery at Lindisfarne. It is seen as the beginning of Norse attacks and expansion in Europe.

910 – Cluny Abbey founded
Founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, this French monastery would become an important centre of Christianity in the Middle Ages.

1054 – Great Schism
An official break between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches which lasts to the present-day.

1095 – First Crusade is launched
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls upon Christians to undertake a military expedition in support of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. It would lead to the conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concerted effort by Western Europeans to take control of the Near East.

1098 – Cistercians founded
Robert, abbot of Molesme, establishes a new religious order in Cîteaux. The Cistercians offered a different kind of monastic reform that would be popular in medieval Europe.

1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
Invoked by Pope Innocent III, this meeting would see hundreds of bishops and religious figures attend, and bring about sweeping changes to Catholic doctrine.

1215 – Magna Carta
A charter agreed to by King John of England and his rebellious barons, the document would come to be seen as the beginning of legal limits on the power of monarchs.

1216 – Dominican Order
The Dominican order is founded by St. Dominic of Spain and is authorized by Innocent III. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.

1265 – Thomas Aquinas begins his Summa Theologiae
This Dominican friar does not complete this massive work before his death in 1274, but the text has become one of the most important works on theology.


Thomas Aquinas 1 > .Thomas Aquinas 2 > .

1378 – Western Schism begins
A split within the Catholic churches that would see two or three men claiming to be Pope at the same time.

http://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/10-medieval-dates-you-need-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages
http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/middleageschron.html

50 Most Important Events of the Middle Ages .
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Chained Library, Hereford Cathedral

The Chained Library > .

Hereford Cathedral offers a unique historical treasure – The Chained Library where 229 Medieval manuscripts including the 8th century Hereford Gospel as well as books from later centuries are preserved, each chained for security to the Library shelves as they were in the 17th century. While such libraries previously existed throughout Europe only the Hereford Chained Library has survived.
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Collegial Evolution - First Universities

.Medieval Universities — Peter Jones / Serious Science > .
Academic Freedom in Medieval Universities — Serious Science > .

'The students in Bologna produce constitutions which are fascinating. For example, a professor may not leave town without the student corporation's permission, they have to leave a kind of deposit. Are you going to leave Bologna? Well, then we need a sum of money to make sure that you come back. Professors cannot miss classes, otherwise they'll be fined by the students, so the students really have the power. The students also have the power to hire and fire the professors.'

Historian Peter Jones, University of Tyumen, on the first European universities, different models of the education regulation and the proliferation of universities at the end of the Middle Ages. Full text: http://serious-science.org/medieval-universities-10553.

Education in the Middle Ages: http://serious-science.org/education-... .
​Liberal Arts Education: http://serious-science.org/liberal-ar... .

Collegial Evolution - First Universities ..
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Formal Education in the Middle Ages


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Héloïse and Abelard

From Héloïse and Abelard to medieval brutality

In fact, the entanglement of pain, desire and teaching in the lives of Héloïse and Abelard is deeply medieval. Education fascinated writers of the Middle Ages: what ought to be learned, how learning works, and the difficult emotions that accompany the process. They thought that desire, suffering and fear were a fundamental part of the teacher-student relationship, and not simply because medieval people were barbaric or uncaring towards their young. They understood that corporal punishment could make pupils rebellious, and that teachers could take advantage of their authority to exploit their students’ affection. Still, medieval stories reveal a complex approach to pedagogy, one that censured extremes and abuses of emotion, but – importantly – not the feelings themselves. Dread, love and pain could destroy teaching; in moderate doses, and restricted to the imagination, they could also make it work.
https://aeon.co/essays/medieval-wisdom-about-teachers-behaving-badly .

Medieval Universities — Peter Jones / Serious Science > .


Medieval wisdom about teachers behaving badly | Aeon Essays
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Scholasticism


Scholasticism

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism:
Scolasticism & Books > .
Medieval Universities — Peter Jones / Serious Science > .
Early & Medieval Church History (from Boethius) - Ryan Reeves
Boethius, Scholasticism, Anselm, Abelard, Bernard of Clairvaux, Duns Scotus, St Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockam, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Humanism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7AhBEq4Gqs&index=42&list=PLRgREWf4NFWZEd86aVEpQ7B3YxXPhUEf-

The Christian Philosophers - pangeaprogressblog
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj6QEPVEsYU

The Consolation of Philosophy - A. C. Grayling - pangeaprogressredux
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIkWTXNyUo4


http://www.philosophybasics.com/movements_scholasticism.html .
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scholasticism .
http://bartholomew.stanford.edu/scholasticism.html .
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13548a.htm .


Academics & Churchmen ..
Adelard of Bath ..
Alchemy to Science ..
Baconian Science ..
Galileo, Bacon, Descartes ..
Islamic Golden Age ..
Islamic Science ..

'Aristotle and the Medieval University' - lecture > .
Aristotle: Ἀριστοτέλης ..


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Universities - Medieval

“For even he who is most greedy for knowledge can achieve no greater perfection than to be thoroughly aware of his own ignorance in his particular field. The more be known, the more aware he will be of his ignorance.”

The Medieval University - In Our Time > . 
St. Scholastica's Day Riot > .
Cathedrals and Universities - History of Science - CC > .

Medieval Universities (Lecture 8)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tvmU6pAvcg

With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke. After the Scholastic Thomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologica, working from Moerbeke's translations and calling Aristotle "The Philosopher", the demand for Aristotle's writings grew, and the Greek manuscripts returned to the West, stimulating a revival of Aristotelianism in Europe that continued into the Renaissance. These thinkers blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity, bringing the thought of Ancient Greece into the Middle Ages. Scholars such as Boethius, Peter Abelard, and John Buridan worked on Aristotelian logic.

The medieval English poet Chaucer describes his student as being happy by having

at his beddes heed
Twenty bookes, clad in blak or reed,
Of aristotle and his philosophie,

In the Early Modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment. Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood, establishing that the heart functioned as a pump rather than being the seat of the soul and the controller of the body's heat, as Aristotle thought. Galileo used more doubtful arguments to displace Aristotle's physics, proposing that bodies all fall at the same speed whatever their weight.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle#On_medieval_Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/medievalbook/Schoolbooks.htm

T 000 CRS Edu ... Medieval Universities Curricula and Schoolbooks

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Justus_van_Gent .

Medieval Education - sh >> .
Scholasticism ..

Academics & Churchmen ..
Adelard of Bath ..
Alchemy to Science ..
Scolasticism & Books > .
Islamic Golden Age ..
Islamic Science ..

Erik Kwakkel, 'Aristotle and the Medieval University > .
Aristotle: Ἀριστοτέλης ..
Baconian Science ..
Galileo, Bacon, Descartes ..

Scientific Revolution and Ancient Greece - Cole, Symes >> .



The great riot of St. Scholastica's day 1355 lasted for three days.

Over time, medieval universities were gradually established as corporations, involving legal recognition of their status, their privileges (for example to grant degrees and regulate academic progress) and their governance.

The process of corporation developed in different ways in different places. Although the origins of the first universities are obscure, three commonly accepted as the oldest are Paris, Oxford and Bologna – all actively were teaching in the 12th century.

In Oxford, the chancellor was given privileges by the king which made him independent of the bishop of Lincoln (in whose diocese Oxford was in the Middle Ages) whose officer he was in theory.

Oxford terms:
Michaelmas term is the first academic term ... derives its name from the Feast of St Michael and All Angels, which falls on 29 September. The term runs from September or October to Christmas.
Hilary term is the second academic term of the University of Oxford. It runs from January to March and is so named because the feast day of St Hilary of Poitiers, 14 January, falls during this term.
Trinity term is the third and final term of the academic year at the University of Oxford

Michaelmas term — 13 Sundays before to 5 Sundays before the feast day of St Hilary
Hilary term — 1 Sunday to 9 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary
Trinity term — 15 Sundays to 21 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary

 Heloise & Abelard - emotion & medieval education .

Medieval Life - Birth, Children, Marriage, Death, Education, Sex - tb >> .

Slow emergence from superstitious ignorance

Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) was the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science. It is considered to be the precursor of natural science. / Natural philosophy, as distinguished from metaphysics and mathematics, is traditionally understood to encompass a wide range of subjects which Aristotle included in the physical sciences.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natphil-ren/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-natphil/

https://youtu.be/z3Gt5IOjAuc?t=28m42s > .
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaLOVNqqD-2FZMjQfGiFGlFWZEhN_qRJK

Natural Philosophy to Science playlist
https://www.youtube.com/user/heterodoxism21/playlists?sort=dd&view=50&shelf_id=11
Apothecaries, barber surgeons, pharmacists, physicians
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ6YjXQTGyBuPKfAQ1xZRpAO

Victorian Pharmacy in Apothecaries, barber surgeons, pharmacists, physicians
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ6YjXQTGyBuPKfAQ1xZRpAO
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University - Medieval




Medieval Universities
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdUYdECQr8AT2qdVIP8Hu7ut

Medieval Universities in playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tvmU6pAvcg&index=27&list=PLtakTnKQQMCzgnwhkhJrO5NE2mTuE8eN4

The Medieval University - In Our Time
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the medieval http://universities.In the 11th and 12th centuries a new type of institution started to appear in the major cities of Europe. The first universities were those of Bologna and Paris; within a hundred years similar educational organisations were springing up all over the continent. The first universities based their studies on the liberal arts curriculum, a mix of seven separate disciplines derived from the educational theories of Ancient Greece. The universities provided training for those intending to embark on careers in the Church, the law and education. They provided a new focus for intellectual life in Europe, and exerted a significant influence on society around them. And the university model proved so robust that many of these institutions and their medieval innovations still exist today. 45 min
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zf384

http://historylearning.com/medieval-england/medieval-universities-index/medieval-universities/
https://sites.google.com/site/annodomini1064/HomeSweetGnome/home/medieval-universities
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Scholasticism, Natural Philosophy, Universities

επιστήμονες -- Scholasticism, Natural Philosophy, Universities

Medieval Universities — Peter Jones / Serious Science > .


Student Life in the Medieval Universities — Serious Science > .

Aristotle and Scholasticism - Ryan Reeves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JeA7QPm8f8g&t=11s
Aristotle and Scholasticism

'Aristotle and the Medieval University' - Erik Kwakkel
https://youtu.be/X1gDxHn5QXI?t=6m4s

Medieval Universities
resume watching here
https://youtu.be/X1gDxHn5QXI?t=10m44s

Early & Medieval Church History (from Boethius) - Ryan Reeves
Boethius, Scholasticism, Anselm, Abelard, Bernard of Clairvaux, Duns Scotus, St Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockam, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Humanism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7AhBEq4Gqs&index=42&list=PLRgREWf4NFWZEd86aVEpQ7B3YxXPhUEf-

The Christian Philosophers - pangeaprogressblog
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj6QEPVEsYU

The Consolation of Philosophy - A. C. Grayling - pangeaprogressredux
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIkWTXNyUo4
pangeaprogressredux

Scholasticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism
http://www.philosophybasics.com/movements_scholasticism.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scholasticism
http://bartholomew.stanford.edu/scholasticism.html
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13548a.htm
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