Making Neolithic Bone Textile Tools - Sally Pointer > .
Medieval Professions - KoHi >> .
Norse Crafts - Spinning, Weaving, Leather
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izoKG1c7h3A&index=1&list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3IGOmFG7sWSVCBNDJn7te5
Medieval Cloth Industry ..
https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2015/01/medieval-cloth-industry.html
Time to spin 1 lb of yarn
pre-12th century pedal-powered wheel - 500 hours
1700, pre-industrial pedal-powered wheel - 200 hours
1800 water-powered wheel - 3 hours
1824 - improved water-powered wheel - 1 hr 20 min
---
The standard measure of bulk linen yarn is the "lea", which is the number of yards in a pound of linen divided by 300. For example, a yarn having a size of 1 lea will give 300 yards per pound. The fine yarns used in handkerchiefs, etc. might be 40 lea, and give 40x300 = 12,000 yards per pound. This is a specific length therefore an indirect measurement of the fineness of the linen, i.e., the number of length units per unit mass. The symbol is NeL.(3) The metric unit, Nm, is more commonly used in continental Europe. This is the number of 1,000 m lengths per kilogram. In China, the English Cotton system unit, NeC, is common. This is the number of 840 yard lengths in a pound.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fabrics
Hand spinning | Spindle & Distaff - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaZaTKY1Rzc
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL210lRSTHDbkGzPMNsrI1U4
The origins of spinning fibre to make string or yarn are lost in time, but archaeological evidence in the form of representation of string skirts has been dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, some 20,000 years ago.
Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic fibres are drawn out and twisted together to form yarn. For thousands of years, fibre was spun by hand using simple tools, the spindle and distaff. It was only with the invention of the spinning wheel in India, and its subsequent introduction to Europe in the High Middle Ages, did the output of individual spinners dramatically increase. Mass production only arose in the 18th century with the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. Hand-spinning remains a popular handicraft.
Characteristics of spun yarn vary according to the material used, fibre length and alignment, quantity of fibre used, and degree of twist.
Hand cranked 'walking' wheel, man carding wool c. 1340. England.
https://lhresources.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/woman-at-spinning-wheel-with-man-carding-smithfield-decretals-british-library-royal-10-e-iv-fol-147v-c-1340.jpg
The Spinning Wheel was invented in India, between 500 and 1000 C.E. The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning wheel come from Baghdad (drawn in 1234), China (c. 1270) and Europe (c. 1280), and there is evidence that spinning wheels had already come into use in both China [a] and the Islamic world during the eleventh century. In France the spindle and distaff were not displaced until the mid 18th century.
The Spinning Wheel replaced the earlier method of hand spinning with a spindle. The first stage in mechanizing the process was mounting the spindle horizontally so it could be rotated by a cord encircling a large, hand-driven wheel. The great wheel is an example of this type, where the fibre is held in the left hand and the wheel slowly turned with the right. Holding the fibre at a slight angle to the spindle produced the necessary twist. The spun yarn was then wound onto the spindle by moving it so as to form a right angle with the spindle. This type of wheel, while known in Europe by the 14th century, was not in general use until later. The construction of the Great Wheel made it very good at creating long drawn soft fuzzy wools, but very difficult to create the strong smooth yarns needed to create warp for weaving. Spinning wheels ultimately did not develop the capability to spin a variety of yarns until the beginning of the 19th century and the mechanization of spinning.
In general, the spinning technology was known for a long time before being adopted by the majority of people, thus making it hard to fix dates of the improvements. In 1533, a citizen of Brunswick is said to have added a treadle, by which the spinner could rotate her spindle with one foot and have both hands free to spin. Leonardo da Vinci drew a picture of the flyer, which twists the yarn before winding it onto the spindle. During the 16th century a treadle wheel with flyer was in common use, and gained such names as the Saxony wheel and the flax wheel. It sped up production, as one needn't stop spinning to wind up the yarn.
On the eve of the Industrial revolution it took at least five spinners to supply one weaver. Lewis Paul and John Wyatt first worked on the problem in 1738, patenting the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, for drawing wool to a more even thickness. Using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, yarn could be twisted and spun quickly and efficiently. However, they did not have much financial success. In 1771, Richard Arkwright used waterwheels to power looms for the production of cotton cloth, his invention becoming known as the water frame.
More modern spinning machines use a mechanical means to rotate the spindle, as well as an automatic method to draw out fibres, and devices to work many spindles together at speeds previously unattainable. Newer technologies that offer even faster yarn production include friction spinning, an open-end system, and air jets.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_wheel#History
Medieval rope-making in Visby market > .
Fiber yield/acre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen
Clothing weight:
Man's dress shirt requires ~ 10 ounces of cotton = 125 hours (200*10/16) in 14th century
Pair of jeans ~ 24 ounces = 300 hours (200*24/16) in 14th century,
Medieval Professions - KoHi >> .
Norse Crafts - Spinning, Weaving, Leather
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izoKG1c7h3A&index=1&list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3IGOmFG7sWSVCBNDJn7te5
Medieval Cloth Industry ..
https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2015/01/medieval-cloth-industry.html
Time to spin 1 lb of yarn
pre-12th century pedal-powered wheel - 500 hours
1700, pre-industrial pedal-powered wheel - 200 hours
1800 water-powered wheel - 3 hours
1824 - improved water-powered wheel - 1 hr 20 min
---
The standard measure of bulk linen yarn is the "lea", which is the number of yards in a pound of linen divided by 300. For example, a yarn having a size of 1 lea will give 300 yards per pound. The fine yarns used in handkerchiefs, etc. might be 40 lea, and give 40x300 = 12,000 yards per pound. This is a specific length therefore an indirect measurement of the fineness of the linen, i.e., the number of length units per unit mass. The symbol is NeL.(3) The metric unit, Nm, is more commonly used in continental Europe. This is the number of 1,000 m lengths per kilogram. In China, the English Cotton system unit, NeC, is common. This is the number of 840 yard lengths in a pound.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fabrics
Hand spinning | Spindle & Distaff - Elice Quillinane
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaZaTKY1Rzc
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL210lRSTHDbkGzPMNsrI1U4
The origins of spinning fibre to make string or yarn are lost in time, but archaeological evidence in the form of representation of string skirts has been dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, some 20,000 years ago.
Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic fibres are drawn out and twisted together to form yarn. For thousands of years, fibre was spun by hand using simple tools, the spindle and distaff. It was only with the invention of the spinning wheel in India, and its subsequent introduction to Europe in the High Middle Ages, did the output of individual spinners dramatically increase. Mass production only arose in the 18th century with the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. Hand-spinning remains a popular handicraft.
Characteristics of spun yarn vary according to the material used, fibre length and alignment, quantity of fibre used, and degree of twist.
Hand cranked 'walking' wheel, man carding wool c. 1340. England.
https://lhresources.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/woman-at-spinning-wheel-with-man-carding-smithfield-decretals-british-library-royal-10-e-iv-fol-147v-c-1340.jpg
The Spinning Wheel was invented in India, between 500 and 1000 C.E. The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning wheel come from Baghdad (drawn in 1234), China (c. 1270) and Europe (c. 1280), and there is evidence that spinning wheels had already come into use in both China [a] and the Islamic world during the eleventh century. In France the spindle and distaff were not displaced until the mid 18th century.
The Spinning Wheel replaced the earlier method of hand spinning with a spindle. The first stage in mechanizing the process was mounting the spindle horizontally so it could be rotated by a cord encircling a large, hand-driven wheel. The great wheel is an example of this type, where the fibre is held in the left hand and the wheel slowly turned with the right. Holding the fibre at a slight angle to the spindle produced the necessary twist. The spun yarn was then wound onto the spindle by moving it so as to form a right angle with the spindle. This type of wheel, while known in Europe by the 14th century, was not in general use until later. The construction of the Great Wheel made it very good at creating long drawn soft fuzzy wools, but very difficult to create the strong smooth yarns needed to create warp for weaving. Spinning wheels ultimately did not develop the capability to spin a variety of yarns until the beginning of the 19th century and the mechanization of spinning.
In general, the spinning technology was known for a long time before being adopted by the majority of people, thus making it hard to fix dates of the improvements. In 1533, a citizen of Brunswick is said to have added a treadle, by which the spinner could rotate her spindle with one foot and have both hands free to spin. Leonardo da Vinci drew a picture of the flyer, which twists the yarn before winding it onto the spindle. During the 16th century a treadle wheel with flyer was in common use, and gained such names as the Saxony wheel and the flax wheel. It sped up production, as one needn't stop spinning to wind up the yarn.
On the eve of the Industrial revolution it took at least five spinners to supply one weaver. Lewis Paul and John Wyatt first worked on the problem in 1738, patenting the Roller Spinning machine and the flyer-and-bobbin system, for drawing wool to a more even thickness. Using two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds, yarn could be twisted and spun quickly and efficiently. However, they did not have much financial success. In 1771, Richard Arkwright used waterwheels to power looms for the production of cotton cloth, his invention becoming known as the water frame.
More modern spinning machines use a mechanical means to rotate the spindle, as well as an automatic method to draw out fibres, and devices to work many spindles together at speeds previously unattainable. Newer technologies that offer even faster yarn production include friction spinning, an open-end system, and air jets.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_wheel#History
Spinning around the world - HerodesAtticus
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLX-AdHBdc5t-mx1bahCv1PrUGyQOHZQB_
Hand cranked 'walking' wheel, with woman carding wool. The Luttrell Psalter c.1320-40. England.
https://lhresources.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/hand-cranked-walking-wheel-the-luttrell-psalter-c-1320-40.jpg?w=630
https://lhresources.wordpress.com/workroom-textile-skills/history-and-gallery-spinning-2/
Hand spinning | Spindle & Distaff
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaZaTKY1Rzc
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL210lRSTHDbkGzPMNsrI1U4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_spinning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_spinning
Spinning around the world - HerodesAtticus
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLX-AdHBdc5t-mx1bahCv1PrUGyQOHZQB_
Ancient Skills - Tony Blake playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toyOKOi0DsM&list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J&index=11
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLX-AdHBdc5t-mx1bahCv1PrUGyQOHZQB_
Hand cranked 'walking' wheel, with woman carding wool. The Luttrell Psalter c.1320-40. England.
https://lhresources.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/hand-cranked-walking-wheel-the-luttrell-psalter-c-1320-40.jpg?w=630
https://lhresources.wordpress.com/workroom-textile-skills/history-and-gallery-spinning-2/
Hand spinning | Spindle & Distaff
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XaZaTKY1Rzc
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXYFDuJaCJL210lRSTHDbkGzPMNsrI1U4
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_spinning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_spinning
Spinning around the world - HerodesAtticus
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLX-AdHBdc5t-mx1bahCv1PrUGyQOHZQB_
Ancient Skills - Tony Blake playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toyOKOi0DsM&list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J&index=11
Fiber yield/acre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen
Clothing weight:
Man's dress shirt requires ~ 10 ounces of cotton = 125 hours (200*10/16) in 14th century
Pair of jeans ~ 24 ounces = 300 hours (200*24/16) in 14th century,
