Aristotle: Ἀριστοτέλης ..
Mathematics: The Early Islamic World | BBC In Our Time > .
The Medieval Islamicate World: Crash Course History of Science #7 > .
History of Science - CrashCourse >> .
Islamic Civilization - What the Ancients Did for Us > .
Science and Islam, Jim Al-Khalili - BBC > .
Islamic Golden Age and The House of Wisdom - Invi > .
Forging Islamic science: Fake miniatures depicting Islamic science have found their way into the most august of libraries and history books. How?
al-Biruni > .
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist.
Al-Ghazali full name Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī; latinized Algazelus or Algazel, c. 1058 – 19 December 1111) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mystics of Sunni Islam. He was of Persian origin.
Al-Haytham was one of the first scientists to insist on proving theories through experimentation. He was also the first to systematically introduce the control element that is fundamental in modern scientific inquiry. The control, also known as the scientific constant, is the element in an experiment that remains the same—against which the state of changes in other parts of the experiment are thus measured.
al-Kindi > .
Al-Kindi Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī ; Latin: Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy in the Muslim world.
Averroes > .
Avicenna > .
Ibn Khaldun > .
Ibn Khaldun (Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was a fourteenth-century Arab historiographer and historian. He is widely considered to be a forerunner of the modern disciplines of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography.
Jabir : Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan was born in the Persian city of Tus in approximately 720, and is best known for his book, the Muqaddimah or Prolegomena ("Introduction"). The book influenced 17th-century Ottoman historians ... who used the theories in the book to analyze the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire. 19th-century European scholars also acknowledged the significance of Jabir's work and considered Ibn Khaldun as one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages.
One of Jabir’s most famous works is an Arabic version of The Emerald Stone. Originally regarded as a Greek text, it is now accepted as an Arabic original written, if not by Jabir, then perhaps by a near predecessor from the 7th or 8th centuries.
The Emerald Stone was first translated into Latin in the 12th century, becoming one of the foundational texts of alchemy and other magical pursuits in medieval and premodern Europe. Jabir’s use of strange and deliberately mysterious language in the text is a strong contender for the origin of the English word “gibberish,” meaning something nonsensical.
Many of Jabir’s alchemical studies were dedicated to pursuing the possibility of takwin, the artificial creation of life. ... According to Jabir, the animals would then be at the disposal of the alchemist who created them.
Jabir recognized the central importance of experimentation, writing, “The first essential in chemistry is that one must perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who does not perform practical work, or does not conduct experiments will never attain any degree of mastery.”
Pursuing Aristotle’s theory of the elements—which held that everything consists of some combination of earth, air, fire, and water—Jabir reasoned that by mixing elements one could create new elements. His work initially led him to classify the elements around him into metals and nonmetals. From there, he subdivided these into three categories: spirits that produced vapor when heated; metals; and nonmalleable substances, or stones.
In addition to discovering sulfuric and nitric acids, Jabir was the first scientist to offer descriptions of citric, acetic, and tartaric acids. He also detailed now-basic scientific processes such as distillation and crystallization. His pioneering work further included extensive experimentation with, and description of, basic chemical components such as arsenic, antimony, sulfur, and mercury.
.....
Al-Razi advanced the work started by Jabir of categorizing and classifying observable and verifiable facts about chemical substances (including their reaction under experimentation), along with the apparatus used in this process. He developed a 116 The History and Achievements of the Islamic Golden Age classification of minerals into six groups: spirits, bodies, stones, vitriols, borates, and salts.
Al-Kindi is credited with being the first man of science to distill alcohol. His book The Alchemy of Perfume and Distillation describes how to use his Alkindus distiller and contains recipes for more than 100 perfumes. Al-Kindi’s experiments saw him deriving spirits through the distillation of wine, thereby creating an early form of brandy.
Jabir, al-Razi, and al-Kindi all pursued some degree of scientific experimentation in pursuit of knowledge. However, historians of science and of the Islamic Golden Age often bestow the laurels for developing the scientific method on a man named Abu Ali Hassan ibn al-Haytham (known in Europe as Alhazen).
Jabir, al-Razi, and al-Kindi all pursued some degree of scientific experimentation in pursuit of knowledge.
Maimonides > .
Maimonides & Averroes & Aristotle > .
Mathematics | BBC In Our Time: The Early Islamic World > .
Babylonian mathematics .
Islamic mathematics .
Mathematics in medieval Islam .
War of the Worlds - The story of rise of the modern world >> .
Islamic Civilization - What the Ancients Did for Us > .
Science and Islam, Jim Al-Khalili - BBC > .
Islamic Golden Age and The House of Wisdom - Invi > .
al-Biruni > .
Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist.
Al-Ghazali full name Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī; latinized Algazelus or Algazel, c. 1058 – 19 December 1111) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mystics of Sunni Islam. He was of Persian origin.
Al-Haytham was one of the first scientists to insist on proving theories through experimentation. He was also the first to systematically introduce the control element that is fundamental in modern scientific inquiry. The control, also known as the scientific constant, is the element in an experiment that remains the same—against which the state of changes in other parts of the experiment are thus measured.
al-Kindi > .
Al-Kindi Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī ; Latin: Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is unanimously hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy" for his synthesis, adaptation and promotion of Greek and Hellenistic philosophy in the Muslim world.
Al-Khwarizmi: The translation of Al-Khwarizmi's work greatly influenced mathematics in Europe.
Al-Razi was an early proponent of experimental medicine and the ceaseless pursuit of new medicines. His interest in alchemy was a search not only for the philosopher’s stone—the imaginary element that supposedly made possible the conversion of base metals, like lead, into precious metals, like silver and gold—but also for more effective medicines. To al-Razi, both of these were serious, scientific pursuits, not magic.Averroes > .
Avicenna > .
Ibn Khaldun > .
Ibn Khaldun (Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was a fourteenth-century Arab historiographer and historian. He is widely considered to be a forerunner of the modern disciplines of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography.
Jabir : Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan was born in the Persian city of Tus in approximately 720, and is best known for his book, the Muqaddimah or Prolegomena ("Introduction"). The book influenced 17th-century Ottoman historians ... who used the theories in the book to analyze the rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire. 19th-century European scholars also acknowledged the significance of Jabir's work and considered Ibn Khaldun as one of the greatest philosophers of the Middle Ages.
One of Jabir’s most famous works is an Arabic version of The Emerald Stone. Originally regarded as a Greek text, it is now accepted as an Arabic original written, if not by Jabir, then perhaps by a near predecessor from the 7th or 8th centuries.
The Emerald Stone was first translated into Latin in the 12th century, becoming one of the foundational texts of alchemy and other magical pursuits in medieval and premodern Europe. Jabir’s use of strange and deliberately mysterious language in the text is a strong contender for the origin of the English word “gibberish,” meaning something nonsensical.
Many of Jabir’s alchemical studies were dedicated to pursuing the possibility of takwin, the artificial creation of life. ... According to Jabir, the animals would then be at the disposal of the alchemist who created them.
Jabir recognized the central importance of experimentation, writing, “The first essential in chemistry is that one must perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who does not perform practical work, or does not conduct experiments will never attain any degree of mastery.”
Pursuing Aristotle’s theory of the elements—which held that everything consists of some combination of earth, air, fire, and water—Jabir reasoned that by mixing elements one could create new elements. His work initially led him to classify the elements around him into metals and nonmetals. From there, he subdivided these into three categories: spirits that produced vapor when heated; metals; and nonmalleable substances, or stones.
In addition to discovering sulfuric and nitric acids, Jabir was the first scientist to offer descriptions of citric, acetic, and tartaric acids. He also detailed now-basic scientific processes such as distillation and crystallization. His pioneering work further included extensive experimentation with, and description of, basic chemical components such as arsenic, antimony, sulfur, and mercury.
.....
Al-Razi advanced the work started by Jabir of categorizing and classifying observable and verifiable facts about chemical substances (including their reaction under experimentation), along with the apparatus used in this process. He developed a 116 The History and Achievements of the Islamic Golden Age classification of minerals into six groups: spirits, bodies, stones, vitriols, borates, and salts.
Al-Kindi is credited with being the first man of science to distill alcohol. His book The Alchemy of Perfume and Distillation describes how to use his Alkindus distiller and contains recipes for more than 100 perfumes. Al-Kindi’s experiments saw him deriving spirits through the distillation of wine, thereby creating an early form of brandy.
Jabir, al-Razi, and al-Kindi all pursued some degree of scientific experimentation in pursuit of knowledge. However, historians of science and of the Islamic Golden Age often bestow the laurels for developing the scientific method on a man named Abu Ali Hassan ibn al-Haytham (known in Europe as Alhazen).
Jabir, al-Razi, and al-Kindi all pursued some degree of scientific experimentation in pursuit of knowledge.
Maimonides > .
Maimonides & Averroes & Aristotle > .
Mathematics | BBC In Our Time: The Early Islamic World > .
Babylonian mathematics .
Islamic mathematics .
Mathematics in medieval Islam .
War of the Worlds - The story of rise of the modern world >> .
