Medieval: June 2019

Milestones in Crowd Control

Medieval Antisemitism: An Introduction ~Dr Lackner > .

523-4 – Boethius writes The Consolation of Philosophy
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, a Roman senator and official, is imprisoned by King Theodoric the Great. As he awaits his trial, Boethius writes this philosophical treatise, which examines various questions, including why bad things happen to good people. It has since become a major work of philosophy.

525 – Anno Domini calendar invented
A monk named Dionysius Exiguus creates this new dating system as part of his efforts to understand the dating of Easter. It wanted the year 1 AD to be the date when Jesus Christ was born, although later calculations show that his birth occurred before this. Gradually use of this calendar became more widespread, and is now the most widely accepted system for counting years in the world.

529-34 – Code of Justinian issued
A set of laws created during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it is considered an important milestone in the history of law.

563 – St Columbus founds Iona
The Irish missionary Columba and 12 companions set up a monastery on the Isle of Iona, just off the Scottish coast. This event marks an important point in the development of Christianity in the British Isles and the rise of monasticism in Western Europe.

590 – Gregory the Great becomes Pope
Gregorius Anicius is elected Pope, taking the name Gregory I. He would reign until 604, and would undertake a series of measures that strengthened the role of the Papacy and spread the Christian religion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcPK5dp2dfQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPnDcMbFXaM .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVpDSz8BRBk .
Anglo-Saxon Primary Sources - VoP >> .

735 – Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the History of the English Church and People in Latin, perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ

? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum ?

793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne
Raiders from Scandinavia attack a monastery at Lindisfarne. It is seen as the beginning of Norse attacks and expansion in Europe.

910 – Cluny Abbey founded
Founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, this French monastery would become an important centre of Christianity in the Middle Ages.

1054 – Great Schism
An official break between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches which lasts to the present-day.

1095 – First Crusade is launched
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls upon Christians to undertake a military expedition in support of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. It would lead to the conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concerted effort by Western Europeans to take control of the Near East.

1098 – Cistercians founded
Robert, abbot of Molesme, establishes a new religious order in Cîteaux. The Cistercians offered a different kind of monastic reform that would be popular in medieval Europe.

1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
Invoked by Pope Innocent III, this meeting would see hundreds of bishops and religious figures attend, and bring about sweeping changes to Catholic doctrine.

1215 – Magna Carta
A charter agreed to by King John of England and his rebellious barons, the document would come to be seen as the beginning of legal limits on the power of monarchs.

1216 – Dominican Order
The Dominican order is founded by St. Dominic of Spain and is authorized by Innocent III. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.

1265 – Thomas Aquinas begins his Summa Theologiae
This Dominican friar does not complete this massive work before his death in 1274, but the text has become one of the most important works on theology.

Thomas Aquinas 1 > .Thomas Aquinas 2 > .

1378 – Western Schism begins
A split within the Catholic churches that would see two or three men claiming to be Pope at the same time.

http://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/10-medieval-dates-you-need-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages
http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/middleageschron.html

50 Most Important Events of the Middle Ages .

Church and Crown to Parliament

Henry II and Becket

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EKUIBz_po0 .
Magna Carta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDZBNwpYmfQ .
First Parliaments
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M9LCXI-V0I .
Peasants Revolt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3EzLF2rOKY .

1381 - 100K Furious Medieval Peasants Revolted | Chronicle > .

Court - Middle Ages

Medieval Court

Medieval Nobility - Historical Presentation - Metatron > .

Medieval Court
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPGmK0E2xlI

19 December, 1387: Battle of Radcot Bridge: Henry Bolingbroke, Robert de Vere, 1387
https://youtu.be/Kfcp6yrtV40?t=10m8s

Plantagenets to Richard II
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzcsWLCkQqdx3XqCwiTzeYj

British History: Kings and Queens (1066 - 2017)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBD45E22BA58C9874

Hundred Years' War
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/9sWTWnjYLwj

David Starkey - Monarchy
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYOaFvSd0bB1JUkf9Q0GW8l8xCyJRooEo

Britain’s Bloodiest Dynasty
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhMDlPcDRBKS5uCN_8iZgR-boDrpZcwDl

The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The name Plantagenet is used by modern historians to identify four distinct royal houses: the Angevins, who were also Counts of Anjou; the main body of the Plantagenets following the loss of Anjou; and the Plantagenets' two cadet branches, the Houses of Lancaster and York. The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, when Richard III died.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet

Plantagenets - Edward I to Richard II
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzcsWLCkQqdx3XqCwiTzeYj

British History: Kings and Queens (1066 - 2017)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBD45E22BA58C9874

The Edwards

Monarchy [Starkey] looks at the reigns of Edward I through Edward III. Edward I (also known as Edward Longshanks) conquers Wales and provokes Scotland into rebellion. He forces John Balliol to abdicate, but the Scots continue to resist under William Wallace and Robert the Bruce. After Edward's death, his son becomes King Edward II. Edward II is an unpopular king due to his extravagant favoritism in the Court. He leads his armies to defeat against Scotland in the Battle of Bannockburn and is later deposed by his wife Isabella. Edward III is crowned is popular with the people and the nobles. Using the longbow, he has military success against the Scots and begins the 100 Years War against France.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1021787/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl

μόνος ἄρχω - monarchy

David Starkey - Monarchy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eaMix9x4HE&list=PLYOaFvSd0bB2p3vzLnJSETk-jypqfhUpY .

Richard II - posts - Mercedes Rochelle
http://www.mercedesrochelle.com/wordpress/?cat=15

Criticism of Late Medieval Religion

7. Late Medieval Religion and Its Critics > .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kf-GsRGb3Y .

Earl Marshall

The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses and protecting the monarch. In England, the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal (served c.1130–1165) after The Anarchy, and rose in prominence under his second son, William Marshal, later Earl of Pembroke. He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals and the regency during Henry III's childhood. After passing through his daughter's husband to the Earls of Norfolk, the post evolved into "Earl Marshal" and the title remained unchanged, even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom.

In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the king's horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the constable's post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, the body concerned with all matters of genealogy and heraldry. In conjunction with the Lord High Constable, he had held a court, known as the Court of Chivalry, for the administration of justice in accordance with the law of arms, which was concerned with many subjects relating to military matters, such as ransom, booty and soldiers' wages, and including the misuse of armorial bearings.

Depiction by Matthew Paris(d.1259) of the arms of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke(1194–1219): Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules

Arms of "Bigod Modern": Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules, adopted by Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (1269–1306), after 1269 following his inheritance of the office of Marshal of England from the Marshal family

Lords Marshal of England, 1135–1386
Gilbert Marshal ?–1129 (?)
John Marshal 1130–1165 (?)
John Marshal 1165–1194
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1194–1219
William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1219–1231
Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1231–1234
Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke 1234–1241
Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke 1242–1245
Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke 1245
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1245–1269
Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 1269–1306
Robert de Clifford 1307–1308
Nicholas Seagrave 1308–1316
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 1316–1338
William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury 1338-1344
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk 1338–1377
Henry Percy, Lord Percy 1377
John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, Lord Maltravers 1377–1383 (died 1379)
Thomas Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1385–1386

Heraldry

Neville-Warwick Arms.

English heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in England. It lies within the so-called Gallo-British tradition.
------
What is a Coat of Arms? - Shadiversity > .
The Proud Symbolism of Heraldry - Cornell University Library > .
Divisions of the Shield - Michael Richards > .
Heraldry for beginners (I) - Introduction - The Web Herald > .
How to Blazon a Coat of Arms - Pete Kennedy > .

-----
To properly describe blasons arms, one has to use arcane terminology, codified and refined to a fault by heralds and scholars over the centuries. To make things worse, in English speaking countries the language of heraldry is normally still Norman French, the language habitually spoken at the court of England in the early heraldic age.

Especially after the 14th century the use of armorial bearings was almost never restricted to certain individuals, families, corporations or institutions. Clearly there was a difference between England, where heraldry was most for aristocrats, and Italy, where heraldry was everywhere and pretty much for everyone.

----
Heraldry

The first use of heraldry associated with the English was in the Bayeux Tapestry, recounting the events of the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where both sides used emblems in similar ways.

The first Royal Coat of Arms was created in 1154 under Henry II, the idea of heraldry becoming popular among the knights on the first and second crusades, along with the idea of chivalry. Under Henry III it gained a system of classification and a technical language. However, over the next two centuries the system was abused, leading to the swamping of true coats-of-arms.

For the rest of the medieval period it was popular within the upper classes to have a distinctive family mark for competitions and tournaments, and was popular (although not prevalent) within the lower classes. It found particular use with knights, for practice and in the mêlée of battle, where heraldry was worn on embroidered fabric covering their armour. Indeed, their houses' signs became known as coats-of-arms in this way. They were also worn on shields, where they were known as shields-of-arms. As well as military uses, the main charge was used in the seals of households. These were used to prove the authenticity of documents carried by heralds (messengers) and is the basis of the word heraldry in English. One example of this is the seal of John Mundegumri (1175), which bears a single fleur-de-lys. Prior to the 16th century, there was no regulation on the use of arms in England.
image:

The coat of arms of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick uses almost all typical forms of heraldry in England: The first quarter consists of his father-in-law, Richard Beauchamp, who bore with an escutcheon of De Clare quartering Despenser, now shown in Neville's fourth quarter. The second quarter shows the arms of the Montacutes (Montagu). The third quarter shows the arms of Neville differenced by a label for Lancaster.

Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick .

De Clare .

Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester .
Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury .
House of Neville ..
https://plus.google.com/+SuttonHoo/posts/BtksziWpiBG
Earl of Warwick ..

Gallo-British heraldry
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). It is common to see heraldic furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under Napoleon. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.

Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.

Portal Heraldry.
Tincture.

English heraldry

English heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in England. It lies within the so-called Gallo-British tradition.

To properly describe blasons arms, one has to use arcane terminology, codified and refined to a fault by heralds and scholars over the centuries. To make things worse, in English speaking countries the language of heraldry is normally still Norman French, the language habitually spoken at the court of England in the early heraldic age.

Especially after the 14th century the use of armorial bearings was almost never restricted to certain individuals, families, corporations or institutions. Clearly there was a difference between England, where heraldry was most for aristocrats, and Italy, where heraldry was everywhere and pretty much for everyone.
http://www.medievalists.net/2015/10/16/the-proud-symbolism-of-heraldry-why-it-matters-why-it-is-fun/

Heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry

The first use of heraldry associated with the English was in the Bayeux Tapestry, recounting the events of the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where both sides used emblems in similar ways.

The first Royal Coat of Arms was created in 1154 under Henry II, the idea of heraldry becoming popular among the knights on the first and second crusades, along with the idea of chivalry. Under Henry III it gained a system of classification and a technical language. However, over the next two centuries the system was abused, leading to the swamping of true coats-of-arms.

For the rest of the medieval period it was popular within the upper classes to have a distinctive family mark for competitions and tournaments, and was popular (although not prevalent) within the lower classes. It found particular use with knights, for practice and in the mêlée of battle, where heraldry was worn on embroidered fabric covering their armour. Indeed, their houses' signs became known as coats-of-arms in this way. They were also worn on shields, where they were known as shields-of-arms. As well as military uses, the main charge was used in the seals of households. These were used to prove the authenticity of documents carried by heralds (messengers) and is the basis of the word heraldry in English. One example of this is the seal of John Mundegumri (1175), which bears a single fleur-de-lys. Prior to the 16th century, there was no regulation on the use of arms in England.
image:

The coat of arms of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick uses almost all typical forms of heraldry in England: The first quarter consists of his father-in-law, Richard Beauchamp, who bore with an escutcheon of De Clare quartering Despenser, now shown in Neville's fourth quarter. The second quarter shows the arms of the Montacutes (Montagu). The third quarter shows the arms of Neville differenced by a label for Lancaster.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Clare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_le_Despenser,_Countess_of_Worcester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Salisbury

House of Neville
https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2018/11/neville.html

Earl of Warwick

Gallo-British heraldry
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). It is common to see heraldic furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under Napoleon. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.

Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry#Gallo-British_heraldry

Portal Heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Heraldry

Tincture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry) .

.
What is a Coat of Arms? - Shadiversity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiJCqjvVpec
The Proud Symbolism of Heraldry - Cornell University Library
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njK2eS-eg24
Divisions of the Shield - Michael Richards
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8YrdU3hs2Q
Heraldry for beginners (I) - Introduction - The Web Herald
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVz7jN2y1NU
How to Blazon a Coat of Arms - Pete Kennedy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZg1DtJcL3w
.

KG - Knights of the Garter

King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter around the time of his claim to the French throne. The traditional year of foundation is usually given as 1348 (when it was formally proclaimed). However, the Complete Peerage, under "The Founders of the Order of the Garter", states the order was first instituted on 23 April 1344, listing each founding member as knighted in 1344. The list includes Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed. The King's wardrobe account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. Also, its original statutes required that each member of the Order already be a knight (what would now be referred to as a knight bachelor) and some of the initial members listed were only knighted that year. The foundation is likely to have been inspired by the Spanish Order of the Band, established in about 1330.

April 23, 1348: Order of the Garter > .

List of Founder Knights

At the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St George's Chapel:[7]
King Edward III (1312–77)
Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales (1330–76)
Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Lancaster (c. 1310–61)
Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick (d. 1369)
Jean III de Grailly, Captal de Buch (d. 1377)
Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford (1301–72)
William de Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1328–97)
Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (1328–60)
John de Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle (1318–56)
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh (d. 1369)
John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (d. 1360)
John de Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun (c. 1320–76)
Sir Hugh de Courtenay (d. 1349)
Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent (1314–1360)
John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield (c. 1300–59)
Sir Richard Fitz-Simon (b. 1295)
Sir Miles Stapleton (d. 1364)
Sir Thomas Wale (d. 1352)
Sir Hugh Wrottesley (d. 1381)
Sir Nele Loring (d. 1386)
Sir John Chandos (d. 1369)
Sir James Audley (d. 1369)
Sir Otho Holand (d. 1359)
Sir Henry Eam (d. before 1360)
Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt (d. 1345)[3]
Sir Walter Paveley (d. 1375)

They are all depicted in individual portraits in the Bruges Garter Book made c. 1431, and now in the British Library.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter .

The Bruges Garter Book is a 15th-century illuminated manuscript containing portraits of the founder knights of the Order of the Garter. It was made to the order of William Bruges (c. 1375-1450), Garter King of Arms, and constitutes the first armorial covering members of the Order.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Garter_Book
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England

Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, KG (c. 14 February 1313 – 13 November 1369) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. In 1348 he became one of the founders and the third Knight of the Order of the Garter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_11th_Earl_of_Warwick

Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, KG (16 March 1338 – 8 April 1401) was an English medieval nobleman of French descent, and one of the primary opponents of Richard II.

After Bolingbroke deposed Richard and became king as Henry IV, Beauchamp was restored to his titles and estates. He was one of those who urged the new King to murder Richard, and accompanied King Henry against the rebellion of 1400.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_12th_Earl_of_Warwick

English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
By the second half of the fourteenth century the English peerage, those sixty to seventy lords each of whom was entitled to an individual summons to parliament, had emerged as a distinct and privileged group at the top of English lay society. Their social and political pre-eminence stemmed firstly from their role as the chief military commanders and advisers of the king, and secondly from the lordship of land and men which they exercised in their localities*—or, as they sometimes described them, their ‘countries’. In a sense, *England was a federation of lordly spheres of influence. It was largely for their local authority that the king valued his peers. It was for the same local authority that the gentry, without whose consent and co-operation it could hardly be exercised, valued them.

A picture of England as a jigsaw of lordly spheres of influence is, however, prone to oversimplification, and it is advisable to begin with some caveats. What the peers enjoyed in their ‘countries’ was leadership and influence, it was not ‘control’. Dependent as it was on the consent of both the king and the local gentry, it could never be that. Nor were their spheres of influence clearly demarcated. Sometimes peers were entrusted with specific rights within quite clearly defined areas (a county, for example), but for the most part lordship was not so much a consolidated territorial power-block as a bundle of rights and a series of connections, overlapping and intermingling with a number of other sources of authority. Moreover, there was nothing immutable about them. They were continually expanding and contracting, and frequently changing hands. Local leadership was a question of degree, of individual ability, often of luck.

https://www.questia.com/library/103476203/the-english-nobility-in-the-late-middle-ages-the .

The Stowe Armorial coat of arms is the centrepiece of the Gothic Library at Stowe. ... The armorial is a 1.4m diameter heraldic painting of the 719 quarterings of the Temple, Nugent, Brydges, Chandos and Grenville families, including ten variations of the English Royal arms, the arms of Spencer, De Clare, Valence, Mowbray, Mortimer and De Grey.

Monasteries, Books of Hours

Naming the Days: The History of the Calendar > .

When you mess with calendars - tgh > .

Why, on Dec 30 2019, it's already 2020 > .
Calendars Around the World > .

Tudor Monastery routine
https://youtu.be/ynkh4Hwf9ik?t=12m15s
Saints' Days - Tudor Monastery Farm
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=15m15s

The Monastic Life - Timelines
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikicnfBQEcw

Monasticism - Ryan Reeves
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aotkle8uCdI

A Mini Guide to Medieval Monks - English Heritage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbT6IkMQxck

Terry Jones-Medieval Lives- The Monk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLVWiFwWMR8
3 parts:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21YvrrLZhaE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljnez6KvOR4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wflxqbW5kBA

The Medieval Calendar
The medieval calendar served as a map of the Church year. While following the method of the Roman calendar in determining dates, it also listed saints' days and other religious feasts and recorded the phases of the moon. Many calendars also featured related illustrations of saints, feasts, monthly labors, leisure activities, and signs of the zodiac.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2CcewghKoo

Books of Hours - Breviary & 8 Canonical Hours
https://youtu.be/pXISnFgFnp4?t=2m31s

The Bedford Hours represent an invaluable example of aristocratic bibliophily in the history of illumination. One of the richest Books of Hours ever to have left an illuminator's workshop, it became famous all over the world. Miniatures from the Bedford Hours, such as the Ark of Noah or the Creation, are among the most frequently represented examples of the creativity which marked the first decades of the 15th century. It was the heyday of Gothic illumination, with new ideas of Flemish realism already visible on the horizon.
The Latin text is embellished with numerous gold initials and imaginative line-fillers, while French explanations of the miniatures appear in red, blue, and gold writing at the bottom of each page.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFgbkw9CqEo

Book of Hours - The Cottonian Collection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADsKru6ZZr8
How to Tell The Time In The 9th Century
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGNmt--yaeQ

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