Medieval: Universities

“For even he who is most greedy for knowledge can achieve no greater perfection than to be thoroughly aware of his own ignorance in his particular field. The more be known, the more aware he will be of his ignorance.”

The Medieval University - In Our Time > .
St. Scholastica's Day Riot > .

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20 Great Medieval Quotes - Medievalists.net

Medieval Universities (Lecture 8)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tvmU6pAvcg

With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, interest in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations made, both from Arabic translations, such as those by Gerard of Cremona, and from the original Greek, such as those by James of Venice and William of Moerbeke. After the Scholastic Thomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologica, working from Moerbeke's translations and calling Aristotle "The Philosopher", the demand for Aristotle's writings grew, and the Greek manuscripts returned to the West, stimulating a revival of Aristotelianism in Europe that continued into the Renaissance. These thinkers blended Aristotelian philosophy with Christianity, bringing the thought of Ancient Greece into the Middle Ages. Scholars such as Boethius, Peter Abelard, and John Buridan worked on Aristotelian logic.

The medieval English poet Chaucer describes his student as being happy by having

at his beddes heed
Twenty bookes, clad in blak or reed,
Of aristotle and his philosophie,

In the Early Modern period, scientists such as William Harvey in England and Galileo Galilei in Italy reacted against the theories of Aristotle and other classical era thinkers like Galen, establishing new theories based to some degree on observation and experiment. Harvey demonstrated the circulation of the blood, establishing that the heart functioned as a pump rather than being the seat of the soul and the controller of the body's heat, as Aristotle thought. Galileo used more doubtful arguments to displace Aristotle's physics, proposing that bodies all fall at the same speed whatever their weight.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle#On_medieval_Europe

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university
http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/medievalbook/Schoolbooks.htm

T 000 CRS Edu ... Medieval Universities Curricula and Schoolbooks

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Justus_van_Gent .

Medieval Education - sh >> .
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Scientific Revolution and Ancient Greece - Cole, Symes >> .

Cathedrals and Universities: Crash Course History of Science #11 > .

The great riot of St. Scholastica's day 1355 lasted for three days.

Over time, medieval universities were gradually established as corporations, involving legal recognition of their status, their privileges (for example to grant degrees and regulate academic progress) and their governance.

The process of corporation developed in different ways in different places. Although the origins of the first universities are obscure, three commonly accepted as the oldest are Paris, Oxford and Bologna – all actively were teaching in the 12th century.

In Oxford, the chancellor was given privileges by the king which made him independent of the bishop of Lincoln (in whose diocese Oxford was in the Middle Ages) whose officer he was in theory.

Oxford terms:

Michaelmas term is the first academic term ... derives its name from the Feast of St Michael and All Angels, which falls on 29 September. The term runs from September or October to Christmas.
Hilary term is the second academic term of the University of Oxford. It runs from January to March and is so named because the feast day of St Hilary of Poitiers, 14 January, falls during this term.
Trinity term is the third and final term of the academic year at the University of Oxford

Michaelmas term — 13 Sundays before to 5 Sundays before the feast day of St Hilary

Hilary term — 1 Sunday to 9 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary
Trinity term — 15 Sundays to 21 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary

Heloise & Abelard - emotion & medieval education .

Medieval Life - Birth, Children, Marriage, Death, Education, Sex - tb >> .

Slow emergence from superstitious ignorance

Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) was the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science. It is considered to be the precursor of natural science. / Natural philosophy, as distinguished from metaphysics and mathematics, is traditionally understood to encompass a wide range of subjects which Aristotle included in the physical sciences.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natphil-ren/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-natphil/