.
The Anglo-Saxon Legacy - David Starkey > .
Showing posts with label academic. Show all posts
Showing posts with label academic. Show all posts
Church upheavals
Milestones in Crowd Control
Medieval Antisemitism: An Introduction ~Dr Lackner > .
523-4 – Boethius writes The Consolation of Philosophy
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, a Roman senator and official, is imprisoned by King Theodoric the Great. As he awaits his trial, Boethius writes this philosophical treatise, which examines various questions, including why bad things happen to good people. It has since become a major work of philosophy.
525 – Anno Domini calendar invented
A monk named Dionysius Exiguus creates this new dating system as part of his efforts to understand the dating of Easter. It wanted the year 1 AD to be the date when Jesus Christ was born, although later calculations show that his birth occurred before this. Gradually use of this calendar became more widespread, and is now the most widely accepted system for counting years in the world.
529-34 – Code of Justinian issued
A set of laws created during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it is considered an important milestone in the history of law.
563 – St Columbus founds Iona
The Irish missionary Columba and 12 companions set up a monastery on the Isle of Iona, just off the Scottish coast. This event marks an important point in the development of Christianity in the British Isles and the rise of monasticism in Western Europe.
590 – Gregory the Great becomes Pope
Gregorius Anicius is elected Pope, taking the name Gregory I. He would reign until 604, and would undertake a series of measures that strengthened the role of the Papacy and spread the Christian religion.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcPK5dp2dfQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPnDcMbFXaM .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVpDSz8BRBk .
Anglo-Saxon Primary Sources - VoP >> .
735 – Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the History of the English Church and People in Latin, perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum ?
793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne
Raiders from Scandinavia attack a monastery at Lindisfarne. It is seen as the beginning of Norse attacks and expansion in Europe.
910 – Cluny Abbey founded
Founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, this French monastery would become an important centre of Christianity in the Middle Ages.
1054 – Great Schism
An official break between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches which lasts to the present-day.
1095 – First Crusade is launched
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls upon Christians to undertake a military expedition in support of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. It would lead to the conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concerted effort by Western Europeans to take control of the Near East.
1098 – Cistercians founded
Robert, abbot of Molesme, establishes a new religious order in Cîteaux. The Cistercians offered a different kind of monastic reform that would be popular in medieval Europe.
1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
Invoked by Pope Innocent III, this meeting would see hundreds of bishops and religious figures attend, and bring about sweeping changes to Catholic doctrine.
1215 – Magna Carta
A charter agreed to by King John of England and his rebellious barons, the document would come to be seen as the beginning of legal limits on the power of monarchs.
1216 – Dominican Order
The Dominican order is founded by St. Dominic of Spain and is authorized by Innocent III. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.
1265 – Thomas Aquinas begins his Summa Theologiae
This Dominican friar does not complete this massive work before his death in 1274, but the text has become one of the most important works on theology.
Thomas Aquinas 1 > .Thomas Aquinas 2 > .
1378 – Western Schism begins
A split within the Catholic churches that would see two or three men claiming to be Pope at the same time.
http://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/10-medieval-dates-you-need-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages
http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/middleageschron.html
50 Most Important Events of the Middle Ages .
Medieval Antisemitism: An Introduction ~Dr Lackner > .
523-4 – Boethius writes The Consolation of Philosophy
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, a Roman senator and official, is imprisoned by King Theodoric the Great. As he awaits his trial, Boethius writes this philosophical treatise, which examines various questions, including why bad things happen to good people. It has since become a major work of philosophy.
525 – Anno Domini calendar invented
A monk named Dionysius Exiguus creates this new dating system as part of his efforts to understand the dating of Easter. It wanted the year 1 AD to be the date when Jesus Christ was born, although later calculations show that his birth occurred before this. Gradually use of this calendar became more widespread, and is now the most widely accepted system for counting years in the world.
529-34 – Code of Justinian issued
A set of laws created during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it is considered an important milestone in the history of law.
563 – St Columbus founds Iona
The Irish missionary Columba and 12 companions set up a monastery on the Isle of Iona, just off the Scottish coast. This event marks an important point in the development of Christianity in the British Isles and the rise of monasticism in Western Europe.
590 – Gregory the Great becomes Pope
Gregorius Anicius is elected Pope, taking the name Gregory I. He would reign until 604, and would undertake a series of measures that strengthened the role of the Papacy and spread the Christian religion.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcPK5dp2dfQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPnDcMbFXaM .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVpDSz8BRBk .
Anglo-Saxon Primary Sources - VoP >> .
735 – Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the History of the English Church and People in Latin, perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum ?
793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne
Raiders from Scandinavia attack a monastery at Lindisfarne. It is seen as the beginning of Norse attacks and expansion in Europe.
910 – Cluny Abbey founded
Founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, this French monastery would become an important centre of Christianity in the Middle Ages.
1054 – Great Schism
An official break between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches which lasts to the present-day.
1095 – First Crusade is launched
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls upon Christians to undertake a military expedition in support of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. It would lead to the conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concerted effort by Western Europeans to take control of the Near East.
1098 – Cistercians founded
Robert, abbot of Molesme, establishes a new religious order in Cîteaux. The Cistercians offered a different kind of monastic reform that would be popular in medieval Europe.
1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
Invoked by Pope Innocent III, this meeting would see hundreds of bishops and religious figures attend, and bring about sweeping changes to Catholic doctrine.
1215 – Magna Carta
A charter agreed to by King John of England and his rebellious barons, the document would come to be seen as the beginning of legal limits on the power of monarchs.
1216 – Dominican Order
The Dominican order is founded by St. Dominic of Spain and is authorized by Innocent III. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.
1265 – Thomas Aquinas begins his Summa Theologiae
This Dominican friar does not complete this massive work before his death in 1274, but the text has become one of the most important works on theology.
Thomas Aquinas 1 > .Thomas Aquinas 2 > .
1378 – Western Schism begins
A split within the Catholic churches that would see two or three men claiming to be Pope at the same time.
http://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/10-medieval-dates-you-need-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages
http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/middleageschron.html
50 Most Important Events of the Middle Ages .
Cathedrals, Colleges, Universities
Medieval Universities — Peter Jones / Serious Science > .
The Medieval University - In Our Time > .
The Medieval University - In Our Time > .
Cathedrals and Universities - History of Science - CC > .
Michaelmas term is the first academic term ... derives its name from the Feast of St Michael and All Angels, which falls on 29 September. The term runs from September or October to Christmas.
Michaelmas term — 13 Sundays before to 5 Sundays before the feast day of St Hilary
Hilary term is the second academic term of the University of Oxford. It runs from January to March and is so named because the feast day of St Hilary of Poitiers, 14 January, falls during this term.
Hilary term — 1 Sunday to 9 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary
Trinity term is the third and final term of the academic year at the University of Oxford
Trinity term — 15 Sundays to 21 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas_term
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_term
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_term
Over time, medieval universities were gradually established as corporations, involving legal recognition of their status, their privileges (for example to grant degrees and regulate academic progress) and their governance.
The process of corporation developed in different ways in different places. Although the origins of the first universities are obscure, three commonly accepted as the oldest are Paris, Oxford and Bologna – all actively were teaching in the 12th century.
In Oxford, the chancellor was given privileges by the king which made him independent of the bishop of Lincoln (in whose diocese Oxford was in the Middle Ages) whose officer he was in theory.
http://theconversation.com/the-medieval-power-struggles-that-helped-forge-todays-universities-54298
The great riot of St. Scholastica's day 1355 lasted for three days.
St. Scholastica's day riot, 1355 ..
Renaissance Education:
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/education-in-the-renaissance/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wDlLwLIFeI
The Medieval University - In Our Time > .
History of Science - CrashCourse
Cathedrals, Colleges, Universities ..
Michaelmas term — 13 Sundays before to 5 Sundays before the feast day of St Hilary
Hilary term is the second academic term of the University of Oxford. It runs from January to March and is so named because the feast day of St Hilary of Poitiers, 14 January, falls during this term.
Hilary term — 1 Sunday to 9 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary
Trinity term is the third and final term of the academic year at the University of Oxford
Trinity term — 15 Sundays to 21 Sundays after the feast day of St Hilary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas_term
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_term
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_term
Over time, medieval universities were gradually established as corporations, involving legal recognition of their status, their privileges (for example to grant degrees and regulate academic progress) and their governance.
The process of corporation developed in different ways in different places. Although the origins of the first universities are obscure, three commonly accepted as the oldest are Paris, Oxford and Bologna – all actively were teaching in the 12th century.
In Oxford, the chancellor was given privileges by the king which made him independent of the bishop of Lincoln (in whose diocese Oxford was in the Middle Ages) whose officer he was in theory.
http://theconversation.com/the-medieval-power-struggles-that-helped-forge-todays-universities-54298
The great riot of St. Scholastica's day 1355 lasted for three days.
St. Scholastica's day riot, 1355 ..
Renaissance Education:
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/education-in-the-renaissance/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wDlLwLIFeI
The Medieval University - In Our Time > .
History of Science - CrashCourse
Collegial Evolution - First Universities
.Medieval Universities — Peter Jones / Serious Science > .
Academic Freedom in Medieval Universities — Serious Science > .
'The students in Bologna produce constitutions which are fascinating. For example, a professor may not leave town without the student corporation's permission, they have to leave a kind of deposit. Are you going to leave Bologna? Well, then we need a sum of money to make sure that you come back. Professors cannot miss classes, otherwise they'll be fined by the students, so the students really have the power. The students also have the power to hire and fire the professors.'
Historian Peter Jones, University of Tyumen, on the first European universities, different models of the education regulation and the proliferation of universities at the end of the Middle Ages. Full text: http://serious-science.org/medieval-universities-10553.
Education in the Middle Ages: http://serious-science.org/education-... .
Liberal Arts Education: http://serious-science.org/liberal-ar... .
Collegial Evolution - First Universities ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages
Educational Routes circa 1000 ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages ..
Héloïse and Abelard ..
Learning, Work ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages ..
Héloïse and Abelard ..
Learning, Work ..
Scholasticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism
http://www.philosophybasics.com/movements_scholasticism.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Scholasticism
http://bartholomew.stanford.edu/scholasticism.html
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13548a.htm .
Student Life in the Medieval University
.
Student Life in the Medieval Universities — Serious Science > .Medieval Students | Stuff That I Find Interesting | Jabzy > .
Medieval Universities — Peter Jones / Serious Science > .
The Swedish Experience
http://www.medievalists.net/2017/05/student-life-medieval-university-swedish-experience/
Deviance & Devilry
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/medieval-dread-student-deviance-and-devilry
Student Life in the Medieval University: The Swedish Experience - Medievalists.net
Educational Routes circa 1000 ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages ..
Héloïse and Abelard ..
Learning, Work ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages ..
Héloïse and Abelard ..
Learning, Work ..
Medieval Universities ..
Scholasticism ..
Scholasticism (2) ..
Student Life in the Medieval University ..
Scholasticism, Natural Philosophy, Universities ..
Universities - Medieval ..
Scholasticism (2) ..
Student Life in the Medieval University ..
Scholasticism, Natural Philosophy, Universities ..
Universities - Medieval ..
The Swedish Experience
http://www.medievalists.net/2017/05/student-life-medieval-university-swedish-experience/
Deviance & Devilry
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/medieval-dread-student-deviance-and-devilry
Student Life in the Medieval University: The Swedish Experience - Medievalists.net
University - Medieval
Educational Routes circa 1000 ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages ..
Héloïse and Abelard ..
Learning, Work ..
Formal Education in the Middle Ages ..
Héloïse and Abelard ..
Learning, Work ..
Medieval Universities ..
Scholasticism ..
Scholasticism (2) ..
Student Life in the Medieval University ..
Scholasticism, Natural Philosophy, Universities ..
Universities - Medieval ..
Scholasticism (2) ..
Student Life in the Medieval University ..
Scholasticism, Natural Philosophy, Universities ..
Universities - Medieval ..
University - Medieval ..
Medieval Universities
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL745-VcJ1xdUYdECQr8AT2qdVIP8Hu7ut
Medieval Universities in playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tvmU6pAvcg&index=27&list=PLtakTnKQQMCzgnwhkhJrO5NE2mTuE8eN4
The Medieval University - In Our Time
Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the medieval http://universities.In the 11th and 12th centuries a new type of institution started to appear in the major cities of Europe. The first universities were those of Bologna and Paris; within a hundred years similar educational organisations were springing up all over the continent. The first universities based their studies on the liberal arts curriculum, a mix of seven separate disciplines derived from the educational theories of Ancient Greece. The universities provided training for those intending to embark on careers in the Church, the law and education. They provided a new focus for intellectual life in Europe, and exerted a significant influence on society around them. And the university model proved so robust that many of these institutions and their medieval innovations still exist today. 45 min
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00zf384
http://historylearning.com/medieval-england/medieval-universities-index/medieval-universities/
https://sites.google.com/site/annodomini1064/HomeSweetGnome/home/medieval-universities
Baconian Method
"Can scientific discovery really be automated?
I believe it can, using an approach that we have known about for centuries. The answer to this question can be found in the work of Sir Francis Bacon, the 17th-century English philosopher and a key progenitor of modern science.
The first reiterations of the scientific method can be traced back many centuries earlier to Muslim thinkers such as Ibn al-Haytham, who emphasised both empiricism and experimentation. However, it was Bacon who first formalised the scientific method and made it a subject of study. In his book Novum Organum (1620), he proposed a model for discovery that is still known as the Baconian method. He argued against syllogistic logic for scientific synthesis, which he considered to be unreliable. Instead, he proposed an approach in which relevant observations about a specific phenomenon are systematically collected, tabulated and objectively analysed using inductive logic to generate generalisable ideas. In his view, truth could be uncovered only when the mind is free from incomplete (and hence false) axioms.
The Baconian method attempted to remove logical bias from the process of observation and conceptualisation, by delineating the steps of scientific synthesis and optimising each one separately. Bacon’s vision was to leverage a community of observers to collect vast amounts of information about nature and tabulate it into a central record accessible to inductive analysis. In Novum Organum, he wrote: ‘Empiricists are like ants; they accumulate and use. Rationalists spin webs like spiders. The best method is that of the bee; it is somewhere in between, taking existing material and using it.’
The Baconian method is rarely used today. It proved too laborious and extravagantly expensive; its technological applications were unclear. However, at the time the formalisation of a scientific method marked a revolutionary advance. Before it, science was metaphysical, accessible only to a few learned men, mostly of noble birth. By rejecting the authority of the ancient Greeks and delineating the steps of discovery, Bacon created a blueprint that would allow anyone, regardless of background, to become a scientist.
Bacon’s insights also revealed an important hidden truth: the discovery process is inherently algorithmic. It is the outcome of a finite number of steps that are repeated until a meaningful result is uncovered. Bacon explicitly used the word ‘machine’ in describing his method. His scientific algorithm has three essential components: first, observations have to be collected and integrated into the total corpus of knowledge. Second, the new observations are used to generate new hypotheses. Third, the hypotheses are tested through carefully designed experiments.
If science is algorithmic, then it must have the potential for automation. This futuristic dream has eluded information and computer scientists for decades, in large part because the three main steps of scientific discovery occupy different planes. Observation is sensual; hypothesis-generation is mental; and experimentation is mechanical. Automating the scientific process will require the effective incorporation of machines in each step, and in all three feeding into each other without friction. Nobody has yet figured out how to do that."
Rise of Modern Science:
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/birth-modern-science/
Baconian Science
Baconian Method ..Galileo, Bacon, Descartes ..
Rise of Modern Science:
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/birth-modern-science/
Rise of Modern Science:
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/birth-modern-science/
Enlightenment
Why the Enlightenment was not the age of reason .
"The Enlightenment began with the scientific revolution in the mid-17th century, and culminated in the French Revolution at the end of the 18th. Hegel, in the early 1800s, was one of the first to go on the offensive. He said that the rational subject conceived by Immanuel Kant – the Enlightenment philosopher par excellence – produced citizens who were alienated, dispassionate and estranged from nature, with the murderous rationalism of the French Terror the logical outcome.
However, the Enlightenment was a diverse phenomenon; most of its philosophy stood far apart from Kantianism, let alone from Hegel’s version of Kant. The truth is that Hegel and the 19th-century Romantics, who believed they were moved by a new spirit of beauty and feeling, summoned up the ‘age of reason’ to serve as a foil for their own self-conception. Their Kantian subject was a straw man, as was the dogmatic rationalism of their Enlightenment.
In France, the philosophes were surprisingly enthusiastic about the passions, and deeply suspicious about abstractions. Rather than holding that reason was the only means of battling error and ignorance, the French Enlightenment emphasised sensation. Many Enlightenment thinkers advocated a polyvocal and playful version of rationality, one that was continuous with the particularities of sensation, imagination and embodiment. Against the inwardness of speculative philosophy – René Descartes and his followers were often the target of choice – the philosophes turned outward, and brought to the fore the body as the point of passionate engagement with the world. You might even go so far as to say that the French Enlightenment tried to produce a philosophy without reason."
In France, the philosophes were surprisingly enthusiastic about the passions, and deeply suspicious about abstractions. Rather than holding that reason was the only means of battling error and ignorance, the French Enlightenment emphasised sensation. Many Enlightenment thinkers advocated a polyvocal and playful version of rationality, one that was continuous with the particularities of sensation, imagination and embodiment. Against the inwardness of speculative philosophy – René Descartes and his followers were often the target of choice – the philosophes turned outward, and brought to the fore the body as the point of passionate engagement with the world. You might even go so far as to say that the French Enlightenment tried to produce a philosophy without reason."
.......
"Generalising about intellectual movements is always a dangerous business. The Enlightenment did have distinct national characteristics, and even within a single nation it was not monolithic. Some thinkers did invoke a strict dichotomy of reason and the passions, and privilege the a priori over sensation – Kant, most famously. But in this respect Kant was isolated from many, if not most, of his era’s major themes. Particularly in France, rationality was not opposed to sensibility but was predicated on and continuous with it. Romanticism was largely a continuation of Enlightenment themes, not a break or rupture from them.If we are to heal the divides of the contemporary historical moment, we should give away the fiction that reason alone has ever held the day. The present warrants criticism, but it will do no good if it’s based on a myth about some glorious, dispassionate past that never was."
And humanity will not be truly enlightened (unlikely) until supernaturalist myths are universally discarded.
Islamic vs Christian Science
Islamic Golden Age - Philosophy and Humanities - K&G > .
https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2016/04/23/healing-in-islamic-science-and-medicine
Conservative traditions = retardation
https://www.scidev.net/global/education/analysis-blog/in-perspective-what-really-holds-back-islamic-science.html
myth?
http://indiafacts.org/the-myth-of-islamic-science/
Christian Church attitude to illness: Blame the victim & peddle fakery: Religion & contra-rational regression
The ascendancy of the Christian Church dates from around the time of the death of Galen. Having progressed so far, rational medicine was now abandoned. Medicine in the Bible is entirely supernatural. The Church developed the view that real practical medicine savoured of black magic. In any case it was wrong to try to subvert God's holy will by interfering with the natural course of events. It was God who caused illness. He was responsible for cures just as he was responsible for death. Even church law mentioned, in passing, that diseases were attributable to God, for example
If, by divine judgment, leprosy happens to a husband or wife, and the sick one demands the carnal debt from the one who is healthy, what is demanded must be rendered in accord with the Apostle's general commandment [1 Cor. 7:3-4], which gives no exception for this case.
(Decretals of Pope Gregory IX , Book Four, Title VIII C2)
Illness was indisputably caused by sin. The Bible said so, and so did Church Councils. The only alternative explanations given credence were diabolical possession, witchcraft and other satanic machinations. In Christendom, from AD 300 to around 1700 all serious mental conditions were understood as symptoms of demonic possession. Since illness was thought to be caused by supernatural agents, cures had to be essentially supernatural as well. Every cure was literally miraculous, and these miracles could be effected only by prayer, penance and the assistance of saints. To claim otherwise was heretical and blasphemous.
The Christian ideal was that women should die rather than allow themselves to be helped by a physician. Some women won their sainthood for doing no more than declining medical assistance. In the fourth century Saint Gorgonia, the daughter of two saints, was trampled by a team of mules, causing multiple broken bones and crushed internal organs. She would not see a doctor, as she thought it indecent. According to Christian sources this modesty miraculously cured her, and a second such self-healing miracle assured her sainthood. Today, Gorgonia is a patron saint for people afflicted by bodily ills. We do not know how many thousands of other women with identically modest Christian scruples died following her example and are now forgotten.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gg0_medicine.htm
Hagiography: Sickness, Disability, Psychosomatic Cures, and Placebo
http://www.medievalists.net/2018/02/sickness-disability-miracle-cures-hagiography-england-c-700-c-1200/
file:///C:/Users/Gillian/Downloads/Thouroude%20Redacted%20Thesis%20(3).pdf
Religion & Contra-rational Regression: Abortifacients, Pregnancy, Childbirth
The ascendancy of the Christian Church dates from around the time of the death of Galen. Having progressed so far, rational medicine was now abandoned. Medicine in the Bible is entirely supernatural. The Church developed the view that real practical medicine savoured of black magic. In any case it was wrong to try to subvert God's holy will by interfering with the natural course of events. It was God who caused illness. He was responsible for cures just as he was responsible for death. Even church law mentioned, in passing, that diseases were attributable to God, for example
If, by divine judgment, leprosy happens to a husband or wife, and the sick one demands the carnal debt from the one who is healthy, what is demanded must be rendered in accord with the Apostle's general commandment [1 Cor. 7:3-4], which gives no exception for this case.
(Decretals of Pope Gregory IX , Book Four, Title VIII C2)
Illness was indisputably caused by sin. The Bible said so, and so did Church Councils. The only alternative explanations given credence were diabolical possession, witchcraft and other satanic machinations. In Christendom, from AD 300 to around 1700 all serious mental conditions were understood as symptoms of demonic possession. Since illness was thought to be caused by supernatural agents, cures had to be essentially supernatural as well. Every cure was literally miraculous, and these miracles could be effected only by prayer, penance and the assistance of saints. To claim otherwise was heretical and blasphemous.
The Christian ideal was that women should die rather than allow themselves to be helped by a physician. Some women won their sainthood for doing no more than declining medical assistance. In the fourth century Saint Gorgonia, the daughter of two saints, was trampled by a team of mules, causing multiple broken bones and crushed internal organs. She would not see a doctor, as she thought it indecent. According to Christian sources this modesty miraculously cured her, and a second such self-healing miracle assured her sainthood. Today, Gorgonia is a patron saint for people afflicted by bodily ills. We do not know how many thousands of other women with identically modest Christian scruples died following her example and are now forgotten.
http://www.badnewsaboutchristianity.com/gg0_medicine.htm .
Church attitude to illness
Sickness, Disability, Psychosomatic Cures, and Placebo
http://www.medievalists.net/2018/02/sickness-disability-miracle-cures-hagiography-england-c-700-c-1200/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwifery_in_the_Middle_Ages
Medieval advice to pregnant mothers: don’t drink water, have wine instead
http://www.medievalists.net/2011/06/medieval-advice-to-pregnant-mothers-dont-drink-water-have-wine-instead/
Childbirth in Medieval and Tudor Times
https://www.tudorsociety.com/childbirth-in-medieval-and-tudor-times-by-sarah-bryson/
Medieval Births and Birthing
https://rosaliegilbert.com/births.html
Birth Control and Abortion in the Middle Ages
http://www.medievalists.net/2013/12/birth-control-and-abortion-in-the-middle-ages/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortifacient
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_contraception
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_birth_control
Birth, Marriage, Children, Life, Death
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/ZhhfkFeRian
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/ZhhfkFeRian
Pre-Modern Death in Childbirth
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/XMUoZ4ouWqT
Helen Castor - Missals & Medieval Marriage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecrajqIAwaE
Helen Castor - Church Courts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPZAHEMUGhc
playlists
Medieval Lives Birth, Marriage, Death
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4mx8BBF44M&list=PLDJIWiwfNABlJMU0LDmB_m4JORMnJnS4L
Medieval Life - Birth, Children, Marriage, Death - Tony
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzgnwhkhJrO5NE2mTuE8eN4
Medieval Lives Birth, Marriage, Death
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4mx8BBF44M&list=PLDJIWiwfNABlJMU0LDmB_m4JORMnJnS4L
Society: Children, Women, Birth, Marriage, Death, Dance ; Medieval to Modern - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6EXGbIsrT_V07Mvj-PZGtRt
Women, Medieval to 19th C: She Wolves, Harlots, Whores, Heroines, Queens, Scandalous - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6FbLdIk0yyO6G8MUiJSJzS7 .
Science in Islam, Part 1: Mu'tazila free will - CaRe > .
Science in a Golden Age - Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra - CaRe > .
Science in Islam - CaRe >> .
Golden Age of Islamic Science - SuHo >> .
Islamic Science - tb >> .
https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/show/the_history_and_achievements_of_the_islamic_golden_age?tn=The+Great+Courses+Plus+Online+History+Courses+_0_14
Church attitude to illness
Sickness, Disability, Psychosomatic Cures, and Placebo
http://www.medievalists.net/2018/02/sickness-disability-miracle-cures-hagiography-england-c-700-c-1200/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwifery_in_the_Middle_Ages
Medieval advice to pregnant mothers: don’t drink water, have wine instead
http://www.medievalists.net/2011/06/medieval-advice-to-pregnant-mothers-dont-drink-water-have-wine-instead/
Childbirth in Medieval and Tudor Times
https://www.tudorsociety.com/childbirth-in-medieval-and-tudor-times-by-sarah-bryson/
Medieval Births and Birthing
https://rosaliegilbert.com/births.html
Birth Control and Abortion in the Middle Ages
http://www.medievalists.net/2013/12/birth-control-and-abortion-in-the-middle-ages/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortifacient
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_contraception
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_birth_control
Birth, Marriage, Children, Life, Death
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/ZhhfkFeRian
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/ZhhfkFeRian
Pre-Modern Death in Childbirth
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/XMUoZ4ouWqT
Helen Castor - Missals & Medieval Marriage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecrajqIAwaE
Helen Castor - Church Courts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPZAHEMUGhc
playlists
Medieval Lives Birth, Marriage, Death
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4mx8BBF44M&list=PLDJIWiwfNABlJMU0LDmB_m4JORMnJnS4L
Medieval Life - Birth, Children, Marriage, Death - Tony
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzgnwhkhJrO5NE2mTuE8eN4
Medieval Lives Birth, Marriage, Death
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4mx8BBF44M&list=PLDJIWiwfNABlJMU0LDmB_m4JORMnJnS4L
Society: Children, Women, Birth, Marriage, Death, Dance ; Medieval to Modern - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6EXGbIsrT_V07Mvj-PZGtRt
Women, Medieval to 19th C: She Wolves, Harlots, Whores, Heroines, Queens, Scandalous - archanth
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrYzzr8yja6FbLdIk0yyO6G8MUiJSJzS7 .
Science in a Golden Age - Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra - CaRe > .
Science in Islam - CaRe >> .
Golden Age of Islamic Science - SuHo >> .
Islamic Science - tb >> .
https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/show/the_history_and_achievements_of_the_islamic_golden_age?tn=The+Great+Courses+Plus+Online+History+Courses+_0_14
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)