? Alchemy ?
? Nicolas Flamel ?
Mysticism to Science - sh >> .
Alchemy to Chemistry - dk >> .
Alchemy - In Our Time > .
Medieval Islamicate World - CrashCourse > .
History of Science - CrashCourse >> .
Natural Philosophy >> Science .
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements - dk >> .
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry: Preface & Chapter 1 > .
6: Alchemy as an experimental art > .
7: The language of Alchemy > .
1913 Gutenberg ebook .
Story of Alchemy & Beginnings of Chemistry: Full Audio Book .
Anatomy > .
Apothecaries, barber surgeons, pharmacists, physicians - dk >> .
Alchemy - In Our Time > .
Medieval Islamicate World - CrashCourse > .
History of Science - CrashCourse >> .
Natural Philosophy >> Science .
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements - dk >> .
The Story of Alchemy and the Beginnings of Chemistry: Preface & Chapter 1 > .
6: Alchemy as an experimental art > .
7: The language of Alchemy > .
1913 Gutenberg ebook .
Story of Alchemy & Beginnings of Chemistry: Full Audio Book .
Apothecaries, barber surgeons, pharmacists, physicians - dk >> .
De humani corporis fabrica - dk >> .
Galen > .
Medieval Arts & Sciences (Assorted) - mhd >> .
Urine - once useful, now "waste" - anth > .
Galen > .
Medieval Arts & Sciences (Assorted) - mhd >> .
Urine - once useful, now "waste" - anth > .
Golden Age of Islamic Science - sh >> .
Crafts - Medieval - Quill, Wheel, Potting, Weaponry - arch >> .
Precise details about the transmission of knowledge from one place to another are rarely determinable. For alchemy, however, historians have an exact date: February 11, 1144, when Robert of Chester—a noted 12th-century translator from England—recorded in his diary that he had just finished translating into Latin an Arabic book with the English title "The Book of the Composition of Alchemy".
Robert of Chester notes in his introduction to the book on alchemy that this was a new science in the West. As such, he was also responsible for the introduction of numerous Arabic words into Latin—words without any earlier Latin equivalent—and, from there, into English and other European languages. Among the most obvious is the word “alchemy” itself.
Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most influential scientists in history, spent far more time working on and writing about alchemical experiments than he did on physics or optics, subjects for which he’s far better known.
After reading Newton’s 17th- and 18th-century writings on alchemy, 20th-century economist John Maynard Keynes offered the opinion that “Newton was not the first of the age of reason, he was the last of the magicians.”
During Newton’s lifetime, fraudsters and successful attempts to defraud wealthy investors led to the banning of certain alchemical practices. The British Parliament was sufficiently worried about the potential devaluation of gold that unsanctioned alchemy could be punished by public hanging.
After 1720, a more rigid distinction between alchemy and chemistry was drawn. Within a few decades, the word “alchemy” came to refer only to the attempt to make gold from base metals. From that point forward, alchemists were seen as charlatans or fools.
The Dawn of Chemical Warfare > .
How Dangerous Are Chemical Weapons? > .
Crafts - Medieval - Quill, Wheel, Potting, Weaponry - arch >> .
Precise details about the transmission of knowledge from one place to another are rarely determinable. For alchemy, however, historians have an exact date: February 11, 1144, when Robert of Chester—a noted 12th-century translator from England—recorded in his diary that he had just finished translating into Latin an Arabic book with the English title "The Book of the Composition of Alchemy".
Robert of Chester notes in his introduction to the book on alchemy that this was a new science in the West. As such, he was also responsible for the introduction of numerous Arabic words into Latin—words without any earlier Latin equivalent—and, from there, into English and other European languages. Among the most obvious is the word “alchemy” itself.
Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most influential scientists in history, spent far more time working on and writing about alchemical experiments than he did on physics or optics, subjects for which he’s far better known.
After reading Newton’s 17th- and 18th-century writings on alchemy, 20th-century economist John Maynard Keynes offered the opinion that “Newton was not the first of the age of reason, he was the last of the magicians.”
During Newton’s lifetime, fraudsters and successful attempts to defraud wealthy investors led to the banning of certain alchemical practices. The British Parliament was sufficiently worried about the potential devaluation of gold that unsanctioned alchemy could be punished by public hanging.
After 1720, a more rigid distinction between alchemy and chemistry was drawn. Within a few decades, the word “alchemy” came to refer only to the attempt to make gold from base metals. From that point forward, alchemists were seen as charlatans or fools.
The Dawn of Chemical Warfare > .
How Dangerous Are Chemical Weapons? > .
