𝕸 Nobles - monarch to gentry

Monarchs

Edward III ..
Henry II .. 
Sir Thomas Mortimer ..
Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk ..
Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk ..
Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton ..
Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford ..
Wessex 519-927 CE - Kings, Vikings, Collapse ⇁
Chivalry ..

Educational Systems

Parliament

Spain

Warfare, Training 
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Richard II and Plantagenets

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Britain's Bloodiest Dynasty: Complete History Of Plantagenets | Chronicle > .
1381 - 100K Furious Medieval Peasants Revolted | Chronicle > .
Tyrannical Boy King | Richard II - ReRo > .
Flamboyance Of Richard II - ReRo > .
Medieval Court Of Richard II - AbHi > .
Fall Of Richard II - AbHi > .

00:00:00 Henry II: Betrayal
00:45:16 Henry III: Hatred
01:28:13 Edward II: Revenge
02:11:17 Richard II: Tyranny

The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The family held the English throne from 1154 (with the accession of Henry II at the end of the Anarchy) to 1485, when Richard III died in battle.

Under the Plantagenets, England was transformed. The Plantagenet kings were often forced to negotiate compromises such as Magna Carta, which had served to constrain their royal power in return for financial and military support. The king was no longer considered an absolute monarch in the nation—holding the prerogatives of judgement, feudal tribute, and warfare—but now also had defined duties to the kingdom, underpinned by a sophisticated justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by their conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, as well as by the establishment of the English language as the primary language.

In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were common-place, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms. English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI.

The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the Wars of the Roses, a decades-long fight for the English succession, culminating in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, when the reign of the Plantagenets and the English Middle Ages both met their end with the death of King Richard III. Henry VII of illegitimate Lancastrian descent became king of England; five months later, he married Elizabeth of York, thus giving rise to the Tudor dynasty. The Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. The resulting stability allowed for the English Renaissance and the advent of early modern Britain.

Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), , also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. He was the son of Edward, Prince of Wales (known to posterity as the Black Prince), and Joan, Countess of Kent. Richard's father died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to his grandfather, King Edward III; upon the latter's death, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne.

During Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of regency councils, influenced by Richard's uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock. England then faced various problems, most notably the Hundred Years' War. A major challenge of the reign was the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, and the young king played a central part in the successful suppression of this crisis. Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years' War. A firm believer in the royal prerogative, Richard restrained the power of the aristocracy and relied on a private retinue for military protection instead. In contrast to his grandfather, Richard cultivated a refined atmosphere centred on art and culture at court, in which the king was an elevated figure.

The king's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential, and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant. By 1389 Richard had regained control, and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents. In 1397, he took his revenge on the Appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled. The next two years have been described by historians as Richard's "tyranny". In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Meeting little resistance, he deposed Richard and had himself crowned king. Richard is thought to have been starved to death in captivity, although questions remain regarding his final fate.

Richard's posthumous reputation has been shaped to a large extent by William Shakespeare, whose play Richard II portrayed Richard's misrule and his deposition as responsible for the 15th-century Wars of the Roses. Modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. While probably not insane, as many historians of the 19th and 20th centuries believed, he may have had a personality disorder, particularly manifesting itself towards the end of his reign. Most authorities agree that his policies were not unrealistic or even entirely unprecedented, but that the way in which he carried them out was unacceptable to the political establishment, leading to his downfall.

Richard II - 1377-1399 - crises
1381 - Peasants' Revolt, Wat Tyler's Rebellion, Great Rising
Lords Appellant
1386 - Wonderful Parliament
1387 - Battle of Radcot Bridge
1388 - Merciless Parliament

Richard was the younger brother of Edward of Angoulême, upon whose death Richard, at three years of age, became second in line to the throne after his father. Upon the death of Richard's father prior to the death of Edward III, Richard, by primogeniture, became the heir apparent to the throne. With Edward III's death the following year, Richard succeeded to the throne at the age of ten.

During Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of councils. Most of the aristocracy preferred this to a regency led by the king's uncle, John of Gaunt, yet Gaunt remained highly influential. At the onset of Richard's accession, and then for much of his reign, England faced various problems, which included the ongoing war against France (which was not going well for the English), border conflicts with Scotland, and economic difficulties related to the Black Death. A major challenge of the reign was the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, and the young king played a major part in the successful suppression of this crisis. In the following years, however, the king's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential, and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant. By 1389 Richard had regained control, and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents.

In 1397, Richard took his revenge on the appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled. The next two years have been described by historians as Richard's "tyranny". In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son, Henry of Bolingbroke, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Although he initially claimed that his goal was only to reclaim his patrimony, it soon became clear that Henry intended to claim the throne for himself. Meeting little resistance, Bolingbroke deposed Richard and had himself crowned as King Henry IV. Richard died in captivity in February 1400; he is thought to have been starved to death, although questions remain regarding his final fate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England .






Plantagenets - Edward I to Richard II - Tony Blake
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzcsWLCkQqdx3XqCwiTzeYj

British Monarchy - Plantagenets
https://youtu.be/ilalzTsVp_Q?t=4m45s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King

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Henry IV - Henry of Bolingbroke

Henry IV (15 April 1367 – 20 March 1413), also known as Henry of Bolingbroke, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1399 to 1413, and asserted the claim of his grandfather, Edward III, to the Kingdom of France.

Lords Appellant ..

Henry was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire. His father, John of Gaunt, was the fourth son of Edward III and the third son to survive to adulthood, and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of Henry's cousin Richard II, whom Henry eventually deposed.

Henry's mother was Blanche, heiress to the considerable Lancaster estates, and thus he became the first King of England from the Lancaster branch of the Plantagenets and the first King of England since the Norman Conquest whose mother tongue was English rather than French.

Henry experienced a rather more inconsistent relationship with King Richard II than his father had. First cousins and childhood playmates, they were admitted together to the Order of the Garter in 1377, but Henry participated in the Lords Appellants' rebellion against the king in 1387. After regaining power, Richard did not punish Henry, although he did execute or exile many of the other rebellious barons. In fact, Richard elevated Henry from Earl of Derby to Duke of Hereford.

The relationship between Henry Bolingbroke and the king met with a second crisis. In 1398, a remark by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk regarding Richard II's rule was interpreted as treason by Henry and Henry reported it to the king. The two dukes agreed to undergo a duel of honour (called by Richard II) at Gosford Green near Caludon Castle, Mowbray's home in Coventry. Yet before the duel could take place, Richard II decided to banish Henry from the kingdom (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt) to avoid further bloodshed. Mowbray himself was exiled for life.

John of Gaunt died in February 1399. Without explanation, Richard cancelled the legal documents that would have allowed Henry to inherit Gaunt's land automatically. Instead, Henry would be required to ask for the lands from Richard. After some hesitation, Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury, who had lost his position because of his involvement with the Lords Appellant. Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began a military campaign, confiscating land from those who opposed him and ordering his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire. Henry quickly gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV, imprison King Richard (who died in prison under mysterious circumstances) and bypass Richard's 7-year-old heir-presumptive, Edmund de Mortimer. Henry's coronation, on 13 October 1399, may have marked the first time since the Norman Conquest when the monarch made an address in English.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England

Lancaster Castle, Duchy of Lancaster, Plantagenets
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TlxI7tKOsM

https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2019/03/john-of-gaunt-1st-duke-of-lancaster.html
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Edward III

Edward III Documentary - Biography of the life of Edward III England's Greatest King



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Richard III

Battle of Towton 1461 > .

22nd August 1485: Richard III defeated at the Battle of Bosworth > .


Richard III - Q&A: 500 Year Old Cold Case - with Turi King > .


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Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick

Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, KG (16 March 1338 – 8 April 1401) was an English medieval nobleman of French descent, and one of the primary opponents of Richard II.

Lords Appellant ..

He was the son of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick and Katherine Mortimer, a daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, and succeeded his father in 1369. He married Margaret Ferrers, daughter of Sir William Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Groby and Margaret d'Ufford, daughter of Robert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk.

Knighted around 1355, Beauchamp accompanied John of Gaunt in campaigns in France in 1373, and around that time was made a Knight of the Garter. In the parliaments of 1376 and 1377 he was one of those appointed to supervise reform of King Richard II's government. When these were not as effective as hoped, Beauchamp was made Governor over the King. In 1377, or 1378, he granted the manors of Croome Adam (now Earls Croome) in Worcestershire and Grafton Flyford in Warwickshire to Henry de Ardern for a red rose. Between 1377 and 1378 he was appointed Admiral of the North. Beauchamp brought a large contingent of soldiers and archers to King Richard's Scottish campaign of 1385.

In 1387 he was one of the Lords Appellant, who endeavored to separate Richard from his favorites. After Richard regained power, Beauchamp retired to his estates, but was charged with high treason in 1397, supposedly as a part of the Earl of Arundel's alleged conspiracy. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London (in what is now known as the "Beauchamp Tower"), pleaded guilty and threw himself on the mercy of the king. He forfeited his estates and titles, and was sentenced to life imprisonment on the Isle of Man. The next year, however, he was moved back to the Tower, until he was released in August 1399 after Henry Bolingbroke's initial victories over King Richard II.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_12th_Earl_of_Warwick

Warwick Castle: Grevilles, Beauchamps, Neville
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPcFR9tg0xk
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Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley

Thomas de Berkeley, 5th Baron Berkeley (5 January 1352/53 – 13 July 1417), of Berkeley Castle and of Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, was an English peer and an admiral.

Later dubbed The Magnificent by John Smyth of Nibley (d.1641), he was born at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire, the son and heir of Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley by his wife Elizabeth le Despencer.

In 1367 Thomas married Margaret de Lisle, 3rd Baroness Lisle (1360–1392), daughter of Warine de Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle (d.1382) and Margaret Pipard. By his wife he had no male progeny, only a daughter and sole heiress:

Elizabeth de Lisle (born ca.1386 – 28 December 1422), suo jure Baroness Lisle, who married Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick (1381–1459).

Arms of Berkeley: Gules, a chevron between ten crosses pattée six in chief and four in base argent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Berkeley,_5th_Baron_Berkeley

Margaret de Lisle was born in the little village of Kingston Lisle, to Warin de Lisle, the 2nd Baron de Lisle and Margaret Pypard. At Wingrave Buckinghamshire, in November of 1367 Margaret, age 7, married Thomas Berkeley age 14, the son of Maurice De Berkeley and Elizabeth Despenser. Even though Lord Maurice was very ill and could not travel to his son's marriage, he sent three household Knights suited in liveries of fine cloth of ray fur with miniver, and twenty three of his household Esquires in their liveries of coarser ray and less costly fur. The young bridegroom was in scarlet and satin and a silver girdle. Because of Margaret's age there was an agreement that they would live apart for four years. Margaret was about 22 when her father died (Sir Warin de Lisle, 2nd Lord Lisle, 5th Lord Tyeys died on 28 June 1382.) and about 30 at her step-mother's death, when she became heir to the Lisle and Teyes estates. She died between May and September 1392, and was buried at Wotton-under-Edge. Thomas died 13 July 1417, and was buried at Wotton. The brasses remain, but are without inscription.
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/84705572/margaret-berkeley
https://www.geni.com/people/Margaret-de-Berkley/6000000000796849001
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Lisle-94

Wotton-under-Edge is a market town within the Stroud district of Gloucestershire, England.

In 1272 the inhabitants of the borough were authorised to elect one of their members as a Mayor, a practice that continued every year until 1886.

St. Mary the Virgin was consecrated in 1283, and is the oldest and largest church in the town.

The Katharine Lady Berkeley's Grammar School was established in 1384 and is now a comprehensive named Katharine Lady Berkeley's School although the present modern building is a little outside of the town on the way to the village of Kingswood. The British School was established in the village in 1835.

A battle occurred near the Ancient Ram Inn in 1469, when the building was owned by a Viscount Lisle. William Berkely led the forces that beat the Viscount, and after the battle his men sacked the manor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wotton-under-Edge
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The Lords Appellant

The Lords Appellant were a group of nobles in the reign of King Richard II, who, in 1388, sought to impeach some five of the King's favourites in order to restrain what was seen as tyrannical and capricious rule. The word appellant simply means '[one who is] appealing [in a legal sense]'. It is the older (Norman) French form of the present participle of the verb appeler, the equivalent of the English 'to appeal'. The group was called the Lords Appellant because its members invoked a procedure under law to start prosecution of the king's unpopular favourites known as 'an appeal': the favourites were charged in a document called an appeal of treason, a device borrowed from civil law which led to some procedural complications.

The Lords Appellant Part 1: A Great and Continual council

There were originally three Lords Appellant:
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, son of Edward III and thus the king's uncle.
Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel and of Surrey.
Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick.

These were later joined by
Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby (the future king Henry IV)
Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham.

Archbishop of York, Alexander Neville.

The favourites
Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland.
Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk.
Alexander Neville.
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Duke of Gloucester

Duke of Gloucester is a British royal title (after Gloucester), often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. 1385: first creation Thomas of Woodstock was the fourteenth and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was the youngest of the five sons of Edward III who survived to adulthood.

Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (~1385), 1st Earl of Buckingham (1377), 1st Earl of Essex, [1385 Duke of Aumale] KG (7 January 1355 – 8 or 9 September 1397)

The title was first conferred on Thomas of Woodstock, the thirteenth child of
King Edward III. The title became extinct at his death, as it did upon the death of the duke of the second creation, Humphrey of Lancaster, fourth son of King Henry IV.

The title was next conferred on Richard, brother to King Edward IV. When Richard himself became king, the dukedom merged into the crown. After Richard III's death, the title was considered ominous, since the first three such dukes had all died without issue to inherit their titles. The title was not awarded for over 150 years: the next to receive the dukedom was the son of King Charles I, Henry Stuart, upon whose death the title again became extinct.

The first four creations were in the Peerage of England and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester#First_creation,_1385%E2%80%931397 .
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Duke of Norfolk

Duke of Norfolk

Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk, starting with Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who died without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. Edward II then granted his brother, Thomas of Brotherton, the title of Earl of Norfolk in 1312. It passed to Thomas's daughter (and granddaughter of Edward I), Margaret, and then to her grandson, Thomas Mowbray.

When Richard II made Thomas Mowbray the Duke of Norfolk in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles (including Earl Marshal) that had belonged to the Earls of Norfolk. His elderly grandmother Margaret was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Mowbray died in exile in 1399, some months after his grandmother, and his dukedom was repealed. His widow took the title of Countess of Norfolk.

Between 1401 and 1476, the Mowbray family held the title and estates of the Duke of Norfolk. John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk, died without male issue in 1476, his only surviving child being the 3-year-old Anne Mowbray. At the age of 3, a marriage was arranged between Anne and Richard, Duke of York, the four-year-old son of Edward IV. She remained Richard's child bride until she died at the age of 8.



Arms of Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk (1st Creation)
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Baron le Despencer

Baron le Despencer is a title that has been created several times by writ in the Peerage of England.

Barons le Despencer, Fourth Creation (1357)
Again without the reversal of the previous attainders, another descendant was summoned in 1357, by modern usage creating a fourth barony. With the reversal of the attainders of Lord Hugh the elder (first creation) and Lord Hugh the younger (second creation) in 1398, the hereditary right to these earlier baronies vested in the holder of this fourth barony.

Edward le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (1336–1375)
Thomas le Despencer, 2nd Baron le Despencer (1373–1400) (benefactor of the reversal of the attainder of first and second creations in 1398; attainted 1400)
The first, second, and fourth creations lay under attainder from 1400. The attainder was reversed in 1461, but the hereditary right had fallen into abeyance from 1449. This abayance was settled in 1604 in favor of Mary Fane, with precedence dating from the Parliament of 1264.

The le Despenser family originated from the lords of Gomiécourt in north-eastern France. Henry le Despenser's grandmother Eleanor de Clare was a granddaughter of Edward I of England.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de_Clare

House of Plantagenet

Henry's great-grandfather Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (1262–1326) and grandfather Hugh Despenser the Younger (1286–1326), who was a favourite of Edward II, were both exiled and later executed after the rebellion of Queen Isabella and her lover Mortimer against Edward II of England. Hugh le Despenser had become Edward II's adviser, holding power until the king's defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn, but he was later restored to favour. His son was appointed the king's chamberlain and enjoyed a still larger share of royal favour. The barons were hostile to the Despensers, due to their acquired wealth and perceived arrogance, and in 1321 they were banished. Their sentences were soon afterwards annulled and from 1322 they played an important role in the governing of the country, but in 1326 Isabella acted against them and both men were tried and executed.

In 1375, Despenser's nephew Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester succeeded his father Edward. Thomas was captured and killed following the attempt to restore Richard II in the 1399-1400 Epiphany Rising.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_Rising
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_Rising

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_le_Despencer,_1st_Baron_le_Despencer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_le_Despenser,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester#Earls_of_Gloucester,_4th_Creation_(1397)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_le_Despencer#Barons_le_Despencer,_Fourth_Creation_(1357)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_le_Despencer

versus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester
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16th-Century Dynasties of Europe

Monarchs and Kings: Establishing 16th-Century Dynasties of Europe
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/dynasties-of-europe/
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Earl of Warwick

Earl of Warwick is one of the most prestigious titles in the peerages of the United Kingdom. It has been created four times in English history.

The first creation came in 1088, and was held by the Beaumont, and later by the Beauchamp families.

The 14th Earl was created Duke of Warwick in 1445, a title which became extinct on his early death the following year. The best-known Earl of this creation was the 16th Earl, Richard Neville, who was involved in the deposition of two kings, a fact which later earned him his epithet "Warwick the Kingmaker". This creation became extinct on the death of the 17th Earl in 1499. The title was revived in 1547 for the powerful statesman John Dudley, 1st Viscount Lisle, who was later made Duke of Northumberland. The earldom was passed on during his lifetime to his eldest son, John, but both father and son were attainted in 1554. The title was recreated or restored in 1561 in favour of Ambrose, younger son of the Duke of Northumberland. However, Ambrose was childless and the earldom became extinct on his death in 1590. It was created for a third time in 1618 for Robert Rich, 3rd Baron Rich, in spite of the fact that the Rich family were not in possession of Warwick Castle. From 1673 the Earls also held the title Earl of Holland. All the titles became extinct on the death of the 8th Earl in 1759. The earldom was revived the same year in favour of Francis Greville, 1st Earl Brooke. The Greville family were in possession of Warwick Castle and the title and castle were thereby re-united for the first time in over a century. The 1759 creation is extant and currently held by Guy Greville, 9th Earl of Warwick. However, Warwick Castle was sold by the family in 1978, and they currently live in Australia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Warwick

Warwick Castle: Grevilles, Beauchamps, Neville
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPcFR9tg0xk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Beaumont

Lords Appellant ..
Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, KG (16 March 1338 – 8 April 1401)
https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2019/03/thomas-de-beauchamp-12th-earl-of-warwick.html 
Coat of Arms of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2019/03/neville-alexander-george-neville.html 
House of Neville
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Richard FitzAlan, Earl of Arundel and of Surrey

Richard FitzAlan, 5th or 11th Earl of Arundel and 9th Earl of Surrey, KG (1346 – 21 September 1397) was an English medieval nobleman and military commander.

Lords Appellant ..

FitzAlan was closely aligned with Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, who was uncle of King Richard II. Thomas was opposed to Richard II's desire for peace with France in the Hundred Years War and a power struggle ensued between him and Gloucester. In late 1386, Gloucester forced King Richard II to name himself and Richard FitzAlan to the King's Council. This Council was to all intents and purposes a Regency Council for Richard II. However, Richard limited the duration of the Council's powers to one year.

In August 1387, the King dismissed Gloucester and FitzAlan from the Council and replaced them with his favourites - including the Archbishop of York, Alexander Neville; the Duke of Ireland, Robert de Vere; Michael de la Pole; the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Robert Tresilian, who was the Chief Justice; and the former Mayor of London Nicholas Brembre.

The King summoned Gloucester and FitzAlan to a meeting. However, instead of coming, they raised troops and defeated the new Council at Radcot Bridge on 22 December 1387. During that battle, they took the favourites prisoner. The next year, the Merciless Parliament condemned the favourites.

Battle of Radcot Bridge - 19 December 1387 ..

FitzAlan was one of the Lords Appellant who accused and condemned Richard II's favorites. He made himself particularly odious to the King by refusing, along with Gloucester, to spare the life of Sir Simon de Burley who had been condemned by the Merciless Parliament. This was even after the queen, Anne of Bohemia, went down on her knees before them to beg for mercy. King Richard never forgave this humiliation and planned and waited for his moment of revenge.

In 1394, FitzAlan further antagonized the King by arriving late for the queen's funeral. Richard II, in a rage, snatched a wand and struck FitzAlan in the face and drew blood. Shortly after that, the King feigned a reconciliation but he was only biding his time for the right moment to strike. Arundel was named Governor of Brest in 1388.

On 12 July 1397, Richard FitzAlan was arrested for his opposition to Richard II, as well as plotting with Gloucester to imprison the king. He stood trial at Westminster and was attainted. He was beheaded on 21 September 1397 and was buried in the church of the Augustin Friars, Bread Street, London.Tradition holds that his final words were said to the executioner, "Torment me not long, strike off my head in one blow".

In October 1400, the attainder was reversed, and Richard's son Thomas succeeded to his father's estates and honours.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_FitzAlan,_11th_Earl_of_Arundel

Duke of Norfolk

Arundel Castle, Dukes of Norfolk, FitzAlans, Howards
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoN7RAhDpD4

Friday, 21 September 1397, the Feast of St Matthew the Apostle and Evangelist, Richard Fitzalan, 4th/11th Earl of Arundel, was executed at the Tower.
https://murreyandblue.wordpress.com/tag/richard-of-arundel/
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John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster

John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, Duke of Aquitaine KG (6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399), House of Plantagenet, the third of five surviving sons of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was called "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster

Savoy Palace burnt in The Peasants' Revolt Of 1381
https://youtu.be/mNu7YWay4E4?t=8m22s

Lancaster Castle, Duchy of Lancaster, Plantagenets
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TlxI7tKOsM

House of Plantagenet

House of Lancaster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault

Edward of Woodstock, later known as the Black Prince (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince

Richard II, Richard of Bordeaux (6 January 1367 – 30 September 1399 - c. 14 February 1400)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England
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Gloucester - Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester

Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester (~1385), 1st Earl of Buckingham (1377), 1st Earl of Essex, [1385 Duke of Aumale] KG (7 January 1355 – 8 or 9 September 1397)

Lords Appellant ..


Thomas of Woodstock was the fourteenth and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was the youngest of the five sons of Edward III who survived to adulthood.

Thomas was born 7 January 1355 at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire after two short-lived brothers, one of whom had also been baptised Thomas. He married Eleanor de Bohun by 1376, was given Pleshey castle in Essex, and was appointed Constable of the Realm.The younger sister of Woodstock's wife, Mary de Bohun, was subsequently married to Henry of Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, who later became King Henry IV of England.

In 1377, at the age of 22, Woodstock was knighted and created Earl of Buckingham. In 1385 he received the title Duke of Aumale and at about the same time was created Duke of Gloucester.

Thomas of Woodstock was the leader of the Lords Appellant, a group of powerful nobles whose ambition to wrest power from Thomas's nephew, King Richard II of England, culminated in a successful rebellion in 1388 that significantly weakened the king's power. Richard II managed to dispose of the Lords Appellant in 1397, and Thomas was imprisoned in Calais to await trial for treason.

During that time he was murdered, probably by a group of men led by Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and the knight Sir Nicholas Colfox, presumably on behalf of Richard II. This caused an outcry among the nobility of England that is considered by many to have added to Richard's unpopularity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/thomaswoodstock.htm

Duke of Gloucester is a British royal title, often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. The first four creations were in the Peerage of England.

The title was first conferred on Thomas of Woodstock, the thirteenth child of King Edward III. The title became extinct at his death, as it did upon the death of the duke of the second creation, Humphrey of Lancaster, fourth son of King Henry IV.

The title was next conferred on Richard, brother to King Edward IV. When Richard himself became king, the dukedom merged into the crown. After Richard III's death, the title was considered ominous, since the first three such dukes had all died without issue to inherit their titles. The title was not awarded for over 150 years: the next to receive the dukedom was the son of King Charles I, Henry Stuart, upon whose death the title again became extinct.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester

Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester - Wikipedia
Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester

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Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent

Thomas Holland (also known as de Holland), 2nd Earl of Kent, 3rd Baron Holand KG (1350/1354 – 25 April 1397) was an English nobleman and a councillor of his half-brother, King Richard II of England.

Thomas Holland (or de Holand) was born in Upholand, Lancashire, in 1350 or 1354. He was the eldest surviving son of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent". His mother was a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake. Edmund was in turn a son of Edward I of England and his second Queen consort Marguerite of France, and thus a younger half-brother of Edward II of England.

His father died in 1360, and later that year, on 28 December, Thomas became Baron Holand. His mother was still Countess of Kent in her own right, and in 1361 she married Edward, the Black Prince, the son of King Edward III.

At sixteen, in 1366, Holland was appointed captain of the English forces in Aquitaine. Over the next decade he fought in various campaigns, including the Battle of Nájera, under the command of his stepfather Edward, the Black Prince. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1375.

Richard II became king in 1377, and soon Holland acquired great influence over his younger half-brother, which he used for his own enrichment. In 1381, he succeeded as Earl of Kent.

On 10 April 1364 Holland married Lady Alice FitzAlan, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel by his wife Eleanor of Lancaster. Lady Alice was later named as a Lady of the Garter. By his wife he had three sons and six daughters. All the sons died without legitimate children, whereupon the daughters and their issue became co-heiresses to the House of Holland.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holland,_2nd_Earl_of_Kent
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