https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8JFclCipEY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ADd4la0Cw4
middelalderlig teknologipark - engelsk version
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cp_9ZL_hpsA .
Medieval technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology
Theophilus: An Essay Upon Diverse Arts, c. 1125
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1178929.On_Divers_Arts
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/theophilus.html
Crane, treadwheel | Treadwheel crane
Treadwheel crane
The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.
During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291, while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.
Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors.
Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123.
The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities.
Structure and placement
The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm' wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced 'clasp-arm' type featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim, giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft and providing thus a greater mechanical advantage.
Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the extremely lightweight scaffolding used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane was dismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay during construction of the vaults. Thus, the crane 'grew' and 'wandered' with the building with the result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft.
Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the stand of the machine secured to putlogs.
For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century[citation needed]. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)
Treadmill crane in Tudor Monastery Farm Episode 01
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=21m22s .
Medieval ploughing with Oxen, Green Valley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH7KBZ5jkHg
Oxen in Tudor Monastery Farm Episode 01
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=25m59s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=30m23s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=36m27s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=46m34s
Agricultural Tools
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/agritools.html
Horse harness
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/harness.html
The whippletree (also known as whiffletrees, swingletrees, splinter bars, or swing bars) is a simple piece of wood attached to the drawpole of a plow or cart at its center. The horses' harness then attaches to the whippletree at convenient places.
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/whippletree.html
The Heavy Plough and the Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/heavyplow.html
As of the 9th century to the end of the 13th century, the medieval European economy underwent unprecedented productivity growth. The period has been referred to as the most significant agricultural expansion since the Neolithic revolution . In his path-breaking book, “Medieval Technology and Social Change”, Lynn White, Jr. argues that the most important element in the “agricultural revolution” was the invention and widespread adoption of the heavy plough.
The earliest plough, commonly known as the ard or scratch-plough, was suitable for the soils and climate of the Mediterranean; it was, however, unsuitable for the heavy soils found in most of northern Europe, which “offer much more resistance to a plough than does light, dry earth”. The consequence was that north European settlement before the middle ages was limited to lighter soils, where the ard could be applied. The heavy plough and its attendant advantages may have been crucial in changing this. More specifically, heavy ploughs have three function parts that set them apart from primitive ards. The first part is an asymmetric ploughshare, which cuts the soil horizontally. The second part is a coulter, which cuts the soil vertically. The third part is a mouldboard, which turns the cut sods aside to create a deep furrow (Mokyr 1990; Richerson 2001). The mouldboard is the part of the heavy plough from which its principal advantages on heavy clay soils derive. The first advantage is that it turns the soil, which allows for both better weed control on heavy soil in damp climates and incorporation into the soil of crop residues, green manure, animal manure or other substances. The second advantage is that mouldboard ploughing produced high-backed ridges, which contributed to more efficient drainage of heavy clay soils. The ridges also allowed for better harvests in both wet and dry seasons. In the wettest season there would still be crops on the crest, and in the driest seasons there would still grow crops in the furrow. The third advantage is that the heavy plough handles the soil with such violence that cross-ploughing is not needed, thus freeing up labor time. Hence by allowing for better field drainage, access the most fertile soils, and saving of peasant labor time, the heavy plough stimulated food production and, as a consequence, “population growth, specialization of function, urbanization, and the growth of leisure”.
http://www.medievalists.net/2013/06/the-heavy-plough-and-the-agricultural-revolution-in-medieval-europe/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruca
http://www.medievalhistories.com/the-heavy-plough/
Medieval Innovations: An Improved Plow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P2CUOsKNoQ
Making History - Plows & Populations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2xY6bjGj24
Medieval Innovations: An Improved Plow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P2CUOsKNoQ
Eyeglasses
The History and Science of Lenses - Filmmaker IQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YIvvXxsR5Y
Lens Making in the 1600s - Corning Museum of Glass
Three centuries ago, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made hundreds of simple microscopes. He experimented with at least three methods to make their tiny lenses but kept his techniques secret. Based on scholarly research, this video made by The Corning Museum of Glass demonstrates how van Leeuwenhoek might have made his lenses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SJY0foypAo
https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/microscopes
Microscope: The Tube That Changed the World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ue-86MDmjns
The History of the Microscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJyOQmdwHhE
History (dubious)
https://youtu.be/n79rWGQqPaY?t=21s
Developed in the 13th century, the earliest spectacles were produced by glaziers in Venice, Italy, but the identity of the inventor is unknown. Lenses in these first eyeglasses were made from quartz or rock crystal and produced by gold craftsmen. The first spectacles had quartz lenses because optical glass had not been developed. The lenses were set into bone, metal or even leather mountings, often shaped like two small magnifying glasses with handles riveted together typically in an inverted V shape that could be balanced on the bridge of the nose.
Spectacles became common after Guttenburg’s invention of the printing press in the mid-1500’s. Printing with movable type meant even common people could afford books and marked the beginning of widespread need to correct vision with eyeglasses.
https://sdmcphail.com/2016/06/15/eyeglasses-an-invention-made-necessary-by-books/ .
Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages ..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2xY6bjGj24
Medieval Innovations: An Improved Plow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P2CUOsKNoQ
Eyeglasses
The History and Science of Lenses - Filmmaker IQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YIvvXxsR5Y
Lens Making in the 1600s - Corning Museum of Glass
Three centuries ago, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made hundreds of simple microscopes. He experimented with at least three methods to make their tiny lenses but kept his techniques secret. Based on scholarly research, this video made by The Corning Museum of Glass demonstrates how van Leeuwenhoek might have made his lenses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SJY0foypAo
https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/microscopes
Microscope: The Tube That Changed the World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ue-86MDmjns
The History of the Microscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJyOQmdwHhE
History (dubious)
https://youtu.be/n79rWGQqPaY?t=21s
Developed in the 13th century, the earliest spectacles were produced by glaziers in Venice, Italy, but the identity of the inventor is unknown. Lenses in these first eyeglasses were made from quartz or rock crystal and produced by gold craftsmen. The first spectacles had quartz lenses because optical glass had not been developed. The lenses were set into bone, metal or even leather mountings, often shaped like two small magnifying glasses with handles riveted together typically in an inverted V shape that could be balanced on the bridge of the nose.
Spectacles became common after Guttenburg’s invention of the printing press in the mid-1500’s. Printing with movable type meant even common people could afford books and marked the beginning of widespread need to correct vision with eyeglasses.
https://sdmcphail.com/2016/06/15/eyeglasses-an-invention-made-necessary-by-books/ .
Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages ..
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
Watermill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill
Gristmill & waterwheels
Early Grain Mills
First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478
Water powered hammer (Monjolo)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/9xVMs1EAPvF
12th century watermill
https://youtu.be/2-wBYErO8qc?t=24m49s
Windmill
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/bXhYoWZWrxs
After the Renaissance of the 12th century, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation).
The development of water mills from their ancient origins was impressive, and extended from agriculture to sawmills both for timber and stone. By the time of the Domesday Book, most large villages had turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone. Water-power was also widely used in mining for raising ore from shafts, crushing ore, and even powering bellows.
European technical advancements from the 12th to 14th centuries were either built on long-established techniques in medieval Europe, originating from Roman and Byzantine antecedents, or adapted from cross-cultural exchanges through trading networks with the Islamic world, China, and India. Often, the revolutionary aspect lay not in the act of invention itself, but in its technological refinement and application to political and economic power. Though gunpowder along with other weapons had been started by Chinese, it was the Europeans who developed and perfected its military potential, precipitating European expansion and eventual imperialism in the Modern Era.
Also significant in this respect were advances in maritime technology. Advances in shipbuilding included the multi-masted ships with lateen sails, the sternpost-mounted rudder and the skeleton-first hull construction. Along with new navigational techniques such as the dry compass, the Jacob's staff and the astrolabe, these allowed economic and military control of the seas adjacent to Europe and enabled the global navigational achievements of the dawning Age of Exploration.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sandglass
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Prehistoric ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Primitive ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Stone+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Bronze+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Iron+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Roman+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Viking+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Medieval ?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
Watermill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill
Gristmill & waterwheels
Neolithic saddle quern => milling Grain with Water Power
Watermill -- 14th century
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill
First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478 .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill
First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478 .
The source of power with the greatest potential to do useful work: water power. Interestingly, in the ancient world, water power was used almost exclusively for one activity: milling grain. At that time, cereal grains—primarily wheat and barley—provided 70 to 75 percent of the calories in the average person’s diet. Before grain can be consumed, however, it must be processed into flour by cracking open its outer husk, or chaff, and then grinding the inner portion into a fine powder. Throughout much of human history, grinding grain was an arduous, tedious, and time-consuming aspect of everyday life. It was a human activity that was ripe for technological improvement.
https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/1132_GreekandRomanTech.pdf
Milling Grain with Water Power | The Great Courses Plus
First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478
Water powered hammer (Monjolo)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA
12th century watermill
https://youtu.be/2-wBYErO8qc?t=24m49s
Windmill
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/bXhYoWZWrxs
After the Renaissance of the 12th century, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation).
The development of water mills from their ancient origins was impressive, and extended from agriculture to sawmills both for timber and stone. By the time of the Domesday Book, most large villages had turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone. Water-power was also widely used in mining for raising ore from shafts, crushing ore, and even powering bellows.
European technical advancements from the 12th to 14th centuries were either built on long-established techniques in medieval Europe, originating from Roman and Byzantine antecedents, or adapted from cross-cultural exchanges through trading networks with the Islamic world, China, and India. Often, the revolutionary aspect lay not in the act of invention itself, but in its technological refinement and application to political and economic power. Though gunpowder along with other weapons had been started by Chinese, it was the Europeans who developed and perfected its military potential, precipitating European expansion and eventual imperialism in the Modern Era.
Also significant in this respect were advances in maritime technology. Advances in shipbuilding included the multi-masted ships with lateen sails, the sternpost-mounted rudder and the skeleton-first hull construction. Along with new navigational techniques such as the dry compass, the Jacob's staff and the astrolabe, these allowed economic and military control of the seas adjacent to Europe and enabled the global navigational achievements of the dawning Age of Exploration.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sandglass
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Prehistoric ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Primitive ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Stone+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Bronze+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Iron+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Roman+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Viking+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Medieval ?
