Naming the Days: The History of the Calendar > .
When you mess with calendars - tgh > .
Calendars Around the World > .
Why, on Dec 30 2019, it's already 2020 > .
Using astrolabe > .
https://youtu.be/DMon04ie2pE?t=6m7s
hōrās nōn numerō nisi serēnusI count only the bright hours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial .
How They DId It - Telling Time in Ancient Rome > .
Visualizing time: calendars, timelines, etc > .
Museum of Timekeeping - Objectivity >> .
Crude medieval time measurement - The minute, as a measurement of time, didn’t exist.During the Middle Ages, people used a combination of water clocks, sun dials, and candle clocks to tell time though none of those could tell time to the minute. While the best water clocks told time to the quarter hour, it wasn’t until the wide use and improvement of mechanical clocks that people could tell time to the minute.
For most of the Middle Ages, clocks rang seven or eight times in a day, not twenty-four.
The length of an hour depended on the time of year and where you lived.
You Couldn’t Waste Time (which supposedly belonged to Gawd), and Time Couldn’t Cost You Money.
Dante Alighieri made the first literary reference to clocks that struck the hours.
https://andreacefalo.com/2014/01/29/telling-time-in-the-middle-ages-5-things-you-didnt-know/
Before timekeeping became logical ...
https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history .
Mechanical clock > .
Using astrolabe > .
Ancient Mechanical Clocks - eIectrostatic > .
A Brief History of Timekeeping - SciShow > .
Ancient clocks - working
Salisbury Cathedral Clock ..
https://youtu.be/DMon04ie2pE?t=6m7s
hōrās nōn numerō nisi serēnusI count only the bright hours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial .
How They DId It - Telling Time in Ancient Rome > .
Visualizing time: calendars, timelines, etc > .
Museum of Timekeeping - Objectivity >> .
Crude medieval time measurement - The minute, as a measurement of time, didn’t exist.During the Middle Ages, people used a combination of water clocks, sun dials, and candle clocks to tell time though none of those could tell time to the minute. While the best water clocks told time to the quarter hour, it wasn’t until the wide use and improvement of mechanical clocks that people could tell time to the minute.
For most of the Middle Ages, clocks rang seven or eight times in a day, not twenty-four.
The length of an hour depended on the time of year and where you lived.
You Couldn’t Waste Time (which supposedly belonged to Gawd), and Time Couldn’t Cost You Money.
Dante Alighieri made the first literary reference to clocks that struck the hours.
https://andreacefalo.com/2014/01/29/telling-time-in-the-middle-ages-5-things-you-didnt-know/
Before timekeeping became logical ...
https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history .
Mechanical clock > .
Using astrolabe > .
Ancient Mechanical Clocks - eIectrostatic > .
A Brief History of Timekeeping - SciShow > .
Ancient clocks - working
Salisbury Cathedral Clock ..
Salisbury Cathedral Clock 1 > .
Salisbury Cathedral Clock 2 > .
Castle Rushen, Isle of Man: Restored medieval clock mechanism (working) > .
Mechanical clock > .
Further Reading and Sources:
http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1506.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#Pendulum_clock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#cite_note-haencyc-119
http://www.nawcc.org/index.php/just-for-kids/about-time/how-does-it-work
http://www.medievalists.net/2016/01/03/how-did-people-sleep-in-the-middle-ages/
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16964783
Even earlier
The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE. According to the Journal of the British Archaeological Association the so-called clepsammia were in use before the time of St. Jerome (335 CE), and the first potential representation of an hourglass is in a sarcophagus dated c. 350 CE ... disputed whether object in question is a clepsammia or a similarly-shaped clepsyndra; no other hourglass clearly appears in the historical record for another thousand years.
There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the Early Middle Ages, such as invention by the Ancient Greeks; the first supported evidences appears from the 8th century CE ... But it was not until the 14th century that the hourglass was seen commonly, the earliest firm evidence being a depiction in the 1338 fresco Allegory of Good Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.
Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a marine sandglass dates from c. 1345, in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship La George, in the reign of Edward III of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:
"The same Thomas accounts to have paid at Lescluse, in Flanders, for twelve glass horologes (" pro xii. orlogiis vitreis "), price of each 4½ gross', in sterling 9s. Item, For four horologes of the same sort (" de eadem secta "), bought there, price of each five gross', making in sterling 3s. 4d."
Marine sandglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, the motion of the ship while sailing did not affect the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave it more accurate measurements, as the clepsydra was prone to get condensation inside it during temperature changes. Seamen found that the hourglass was able to help them determine longitude, distance east or west from a certain point, with reasonable accuracy.
The hourglass also found popularity on land. As the use of mechanical clocks to indicate the times of events like church services became more common, creating a "need to keep track of time", the demand for time-measuring devices increased. Hourglasses were essentially inexpensive, as they required no rare technology to make and their contents were not hard to come by, and as the manufacturing of these instruments became more common, their uses became more practical.
Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.
After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the British Museum in London.
Not until the 18th century did John Harrison and his son James, come up with a marine chronometer that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, they made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sandglass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewheel
The first hourglass, or sand clock, is said to have been invented by a French monk called Liutprand in the 8th century CE. However, concrete evidence of this revolutionary new form of clock, which measures time by the descent of sand from one glass bulb to another, first appeared in European ship inventories from the 14th century. Arriving just in time for the “Age of Discovery”, the hourglass was ideal for ocean travel because the bobbing waves didn’t affect its accuracy.
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-hourglass/ .
A revolution in time: Once local and irregular, time-keeping became universal and linear in 311 BCE. History would never be the same again.
https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history .
Modern: Fixing Daylight Saving Time Is THIS Easy > .
Salisbury Cathedral Clock 2 > .
Castle Rushen, Isle of Man: Restored medieval clock mechanism (working) > .
Mechanical clock > .
Further Reading and Sources:
http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1506.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#Pendulum_clock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#cite_note-haencyc-119
http://www.nawcc.org/index.php/just-for-kids/about-time/how-does-it-work
http://www.medievalists.net/2016/01/03/how-did-people-sleep-in-the-middle-ages/
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16964783
Even earlier
The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE. According to the Journal of the British Archaeological Association the so-called clepsammia were in use before the time of St. Jerome (335 CE), and the first potential representation of an hourglass is in a sarcophagus dated c. 350 CE ... disputed whether object in question is a clepsammia or a similarly-shaped clepsyndra; no other hourglass clearly appears in the historical record for another thousand years.
There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the Early Middle Ages, such as invention by the Ancient Greeks; the first supported evidences appears from the 8th century CE ... But it was not until the 14th century that the hourglass was seen commonly, the earliest firm evidence being a depiction in the 1338 fresco Allegory of Good Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.
Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a marine sandglass dates from c. 1345, in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship La George, in the reign of Edward III of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:
"The same Thomas accounts to have paid at Lescluse, in Flanders, for twelve glass horologes (" pro xii. orlogiis vitreis "), price of each 4½ gross', in sterling 9s. Item, For four horologes of the same sort (" de eadem secta "), bought there, price of each five gross', making in sterling 3s. 4d."
Marine sandglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, the motion of the ship while sailing did not affect the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave it more accurate measurements, as the clepsydra was prone to get condensation inside it during temperature changes. Seamen found that the hourglass was able to help them determine longitude, distance east or west from a certain point, with reasonable accuracy.
The hourglass also found popularity on land. As the use of mechanical clocks to indicate the times of events like church services became more common, creating a "need to keep track of time", the demand for time-measuring devices increased. Hourglasses were essentially inexpensive, as they required no rare technology to make and their contents were not hard to come by, and as the manufacturing of these instruments became more common, their uses became more practical.
Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.
After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the British Museum in London.
Not until the 18th century did John Harrison and his son James, come up with a marine chronometer that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, they made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sandglass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewheel
The first hourglass, or sand clock, is said to have been invented by a French monk called Liutprand in the 8th century CE. However, concrete evidence of this revolutionary new form of clock, which measures time by the descent of sand from one glass bulb to another, first appeared in European ship inventories from the 14th century. Arriving just in time for the “Age of Discovery”, the hourglass was ideal for ocean travel because the bobbing waves didn’t affect its accuracy.
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-hourglass/ .
A revolution in time: Once local and irregular, time-keeping became universal and linear in 311 BCE. History would never be the same again.
https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history .
Modern: Fixing Daylight Saving Time Is THIS Easy > .
