Medieval: February 2019

Transport

Ancient Technology

What The Ancients Did For Us - The Britons > .
What The Ancients Did For Us >> .
Making History - AllHistories >> .

Celtic Life in the Iron Age > .
Ancients - Tony Blake - tb >> .

Antiqua Machinis - tb >> .

China's Four Great Inventions

China's Four Great Inventions > .
Compass - China > .
Gunpowder - China > .
Printing Press - China > .
Paper - China > .
Other Chinese inventions > .

Machines Of Ancient China (Full Documentary) > .

Innovations from Ancient China > .

Gunpowder - China > .

Paper - China > .

Seismometer - China > .

Blast Furnace - China > .

Suspension Bridges - China > .

Explosive Facts About the Invention of Gunpowder - TopT > .

Weapons that Changed Warfare: The Crossbow - Sideprojects > .

Lacquer, row-cultivation, hoeing, cast iron, steel, suspension bridge, wheelbarrow, fishing reel, stirrup, porcelain, umbrella, matches, paper money, decimal system, kites, parachute, rudder, tuned bells, crossbow, noodles, silk, tea.

Clepsammia, clepsydra, hourglass, sandglass, timewheel, water clock

Clepsammia, clepsydra, sundial, hourglass, sandglass, timewheel, water clock

Naming the Days: The History of the Calendar > .
When you mess with calendars - tgh > .
Calendars Around the World > .
Why, on Dec 30 2019, it's already 2020 > .

A History of Time - Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days & Weeks - LiHo > .

Using astrolabe > .
https://youtu.be/DMon04ie2pE?t=6m7s

hōrās nōn numerō nisi serēnusI count only the bright hours

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_dial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundial .

How They DId It - Telling Time in Ancient Rome > .

Visualizing time: calendars, timelines, etc > .

Museum of Timekeeping - Objectivity >> .

Crude medieval time measurement - The minute, as a measurement of time, didn’t exist.During the Middle Ages, people used a combination of water clocks, sun dials, and candle clocks to tell time though none of those could tell time to the minute. While the best water clocks told time to the quarter hour, it wasn’t until the wide use and improvement of mechanical clocks that people could tell time to the minute.
For most of the Middle Ages, clocks rang seven or eight times in a day, not twenty-four.
The length of an hour depended on the time of year and where you lived.
You Couldn’t Waste Time (which supposedly belonged to Gawd), and Time Couldn’t Cost You Money.
Dante Alighieri made the first literary reference to clocks that struck the hours.

https://andreacefalo.com/2014/01/29/telling-time-in-the-middle-ages-5-things-you-didnt-know/

Before timekeeping became logical ...
https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history .

Mechanical clock > .
Using astrolabe > .
Ancient Mechanical Clocks - eIectrostatic > .
A Brief History of Timekeeping - SciShow > .

Ancient clocks - working
Salisbury Cathedral Clock ..

Salisbury Cathedral Clock 1 > .
Salisbury Cathedral Clock 2 > .

Castle Rushen, Isle of Man: Restored medieval clock mechanism (working) > .

Mechanical clock > .

Further Reading and Sources:

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1506.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#Pendulum_clock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#cite_note-haencyc-119
http://www.nawcc.org/index.php/just-for-kids/about-time/how-does-it-work
http://www.medievalists.net/2016/01/03/how-did-people-sleep-in-the-middle-ages/
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16964783

Even earlier
The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the clepsydra, or water clock, is known to have existed in Babylon and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE. According to the Journal of the British Archaeological Association the so-called clepsammia were in use before the time of St. Jerome (335 CE), and the first potential representation of an hourglass is in a sarcophagus dated c. 350 CE ... disputed whether object in question is a clepsammia or a similarly-shaped clepsyndra; no other hourglass clearly appears in the historical record for another thousand years.

There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the Early Middle Ages, such as invention by the Ancient Greeks; the first supported evidences appears from the 8th century CE ... But it was not until the 14th century that the hourglass was seen commonly, the earliest firm evidence being a depiction in the 1338 fresco Allegory of Good Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti.

Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a marine sandglass dates from c. 1345, in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship La George, in the reign of Edward III of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:

"The same Thomas accounts to have paid at Lescluse, in Flanders, for twelve glass horologes (" pro xii. orlogiis vitreis "), price of each 4½ gross', in sterling 9s. Item, For four horologes of the same sort (" de eadem secta "), bought there, price of each five gross', making in sterling 3s. 4d."

Marine sandglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, the motion of the ship while sailing did not affect the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave it more accurate measurements, as the clepsydra was prone to get condensation inside it during temperature changes. Seamen found that the hourglass was able to help them determine longitude, distance east or west from a certain point, with reasonable accuracy.

The hourglass also found popularity on land. As the use of mechanical clocks to indicate the times of events like church services became more common, creating a "need to keep track of time", the demand for time-measuring devices increased. Hourglasses were essentially inexpensive, as they required no rare technology to make and their contents were not hard to come by, and as the manufacturing of these instruments became more common, their uses became more practical.

Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.

After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the British Museum in London.

Not until the 18th century did John Harrison and his son James, come up with a marine chronometer that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, they made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sandglass
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewheel

The first hourglass, or sand clock, is said to have been invented by a French monk called Liutprand in the 8th century CE. However, concrete evidence of this revolutionary new form of clock, which measures time by the descent of sand from one glass bulb to another, first appeared in European ship inventories from the 14th century. Arriving just in time for the “Age of Discovery”, the hourglass was ideal for ocean travel because the bobbing waves didn’t affect its accuracy.
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-hourglass/ .

A revolution in time: Once local and irregular, time-keeping became universal and linear in 311 BCE. History would never be the same again.
https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history .

Modern: Fixing Daylight Saving Time Is THIS Easy > .

Evolution of Machines

Screws - The Early Years - Machine Thinking > .

Science History - Machine Thinking >> .

Paris' Temple to Science - Machine Thinking >> .

Precision - Watt Micrometer - Machine Thinking >> .

1455-2-23 Gutenberg Bible

1455-2-23: Johannes Gutenberg publishes moveable type printed Bible > .

On 23 February 1455 tradition dictates that Johannes Gutenberg published his printed Bible, which was the first book to be produced with moveable type in the West.

Gutenberg was not the first person in the world to use moveable type, and nor was the Bible his first foray into printing with it. He didn’t even produce many copies, with estimates ranging from 160 to 185 completed Bibles of which only twenty-three complete copies survive. However, the process with which Gutenberg printed his Bible revolutionised the production of books and is viewed by many as crucial to the developments that followed in the Renaissance and the Reformation.

Moveable type uses individual components that can be ordered to produce a printed document. The earliest examples date back to China’s Northern Song Dynasty at the turn of the last millennium, but the enormous number of characters in scripts based on the Chinese writing system made it unwieldy. Gutenberg therefore benefited from the much smaller number of characters in the Latin alphabet, but also invented a reliable way to cast large quantities of individual metal letters using a device called the hand mould. Furthermore, he developed an oil-based ink that was optimised for metal-type printing onto paper.

Consisting of 1,286 pages, a complete copy of the Gutenberg Bible is now estimated to be worth up to $35 million dollars. The value of the printing press itself is immeasurable as Gutenberg’s creation was responsible for an intellectual revolution. Although there is no definitive evidence for this publication date, numerous independent secondary sources state 23 February.

Hydraulic Ram Pump

How Does a Hydraulic Ram Pump Work? > .

A hydraulic ram is a clever device invented over 200 years ago that can pump water uphill with no other external source of power except for the water flowing into it and there is a way to take advantage of this normally inauspicious effect for a beneficial use. The ram pump is an ingenious way to take advantage of the properties of fluids. We all need water for a variety of reasons, so being able to move it where we need it without any fancy equipment or external sources of power is a pretty nice tool to have in your toolbox.

More YouTube Videos about Ram Pumps:

Land to House: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlOyl...

WranglerStar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLMIJ...

Engineer775: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y_WW...

French River Springs: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=enBEM... .

Middelaldercentret - Medieval Technology park
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8JFclCipEY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ADd4la0Cw4

middelalderlig teknologipark - engelsk version
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cp_9ZL_hpsA .

Medieval technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology

Theophilus: An Essay Upon Diverse Arts, c. 1125
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1178929.On_Divers_Arts
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/theophilus.html

Crane, treadwheel | Treadwheel crane
Treadwheel crane

The first known construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings. Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron, iron and steel took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.

During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman Empire. The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in France about 1225, followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also French origin dating to 1240. In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291, while in England the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.

Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors.

Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123.

The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities.

Structure and placement

The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm' wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced 'clasp-arm' type featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim, giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft and providing thus a greater mechanical advantage.

Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the extremely lightweight scaffolding used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane was dismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay during construction of the vaults. Thus, the crane 'grew' and 'wandered' with the building with the result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material for repairs aloft.

Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the stand of the machine secured to putlogs.

For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first 'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century[citation needed]. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilized where the provision of power would be uneconomic.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)#Middle_Ages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)

Treadmill crane in Tudor Monastery Farm Episode 01

https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=21m22s .

Carruca plough, heavy plough, mouldboard plough
Medieval ploughing with Oxen, Green Valley
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GH7KBZ5jkHg
Oxen in Tudor Monastery Farm Episode 01
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=25m59s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=30m23s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=36m27s
https://youtu.be/anuZV9BhcUc?t=46m34s

Agricultural Tools
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/agritools.html
Horse harness
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/harness.html
The whippletree (also known as whiffletrees, swingletrees, splinter bars, or swing bars) is a simple piece of wood attached to the drawpole of a plow or cart at its center. The horses' harness then attaches to the whippletree at convenient places.
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/whippletree.html

The Heavy Plough and the Agricultural Revolution in Medieval Europe
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/heavyplow.html

As of the 9th century to the end of the 13th century, the medieval European economy underwent unprecedented productivity growth. The period has been referred to as the most significant agricultural expansion since the Neolithic revolution . In his path-breaking book, “Medieval Technology and Social Change”, Lynn White, Jr. argues that the most important element in the “agricultural revolution” was the invention and widespread adoption of the heavy plough.

The earliest plough, commonly known as the ard or scratch-plough, was suitable for the soils and climate of the Mediterranean; it was, however, unsuitable for the heavy soils found in most of northern Europe, which “offer much more resistance to a plough than does light, dry earth”. The consequence was that north European settlement before the middle ages was limited to lighter soils, where the ard could be applied. The heavy plough and its attendant advantages may have been crucial in changing this. More specifically, heavy ploughs have three function parts that set them apart from primitive ards. The first part is an asymmetric ploughshare, which cuts the soil horizontally. The second part is a coulter, which cuts the soil vertically. The third part is a mouldboard, which turns the cut sods aside to create a deep furrow (Mokyr 1990; Richerson 2001). The mouldboard is the part of the heavy plough from which its principal advantages on heavy clay soils derive. The first advantage is that it turns the soil, which allows for both better weed control on heavy soil in damp climates and incorporation into the soil of crop residues, green manure, animal manure or other substances. The second advantage is that mouldboard ploughing produced high-backed ridges, which contributed to more efficient drainage of heavy clay soils. The ridges also allowed for better harvests in both wet and dry seasons. In the wettest season there would still be crops on the crest, and in the driest seasons there would still grow crops in the furrow. The third advantage is that the heavy plough handles the soil with such violence that cross-ploughing is not needed, thus freeing up labor time. Hence by allowing for better field drainage, access the most fertile soils, and saving of peasant labor time, the heavy plough stimulated food production and, as a consequence, “population growth, specialization of function, urbanization, and the growth of leisure”.
http://www.medievalists.net/2013/06/the-heavy-plough-and-the-agricultural-revolution-in-medieval-europe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruca
http://www.medievalhistories.com/the-heavy-plough/

Medieval Innovations: An Improved Plow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P2CUOsKNoQ

Making History - Plows & Populations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2xY6bjGj24
Medieval Innovations: An Improved Plow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2P2CUOsKNoQ

Eyeglasses

The History and Science of Lenses - Filmmaker IQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YIvvXxsR5Y

Lens Making in the 1600s - Corning Museum of Glass
Three centuries ago, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made hundreds of simple microscopes. He experimented with at least three methods to make their tiny lenses but kept his techniques secret. Based on scholarly research, this video made by The Corning Museum of Glass demonstrates how van Leeuwenhoek might have made his lenses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2SJY0foypAo
https://www.cmog.org/collection/exhibitions/microscopes

Microscope: The Tube That Changed the World
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ue-86MDmjns
The History of the Microscope
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJyOQmdwHhE

History (dubious)
https://youtu.be/n79rWGQqPaY?t=21s

Developed in the 13th century, the earliest spectacles were produced by glaziers in Venice, Italy, but the identity of the inventor is unknown. Lenses in these first eyeglasses were made from quartz or rock crystal and produced by gold craftsmen. The first spectacles had quartz lenses because optical glass had not been developed. The lenses were set into bone, metal or even leather mountings, often shaped like two small magnifying glasses with handles riveted together typically in an inverted V shape that could be balanced on the bridge of the nose.

Spectacles became common after Guttenburg’s invention of the printing press in the mid-1500’s. Printing with movable type meant even common people could afford books and marked the beginning of widespread need to correct vision with eyeglasses.
https://sdmcphail.com/2016/06/15/eyeglasses-an-invention-made-necessary-by-books/ .

Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages ..

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_artillery_in_the_Middle_Ages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder

Watermill
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill

Gristmill & waterwheels

Neolithic saddle quern => milling Grain with Water Power

Watermill -- 14th century

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill

First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478 .

Early Grain Mills

The source of power with the greatest potential to do useful work: water power. Interestingly, in the ancient world, water power was used almost exclusively for one activity: milling grain. At that time, cereal grains—primarily wheat and barley—provided 70 to 75 percent of the calories in the average person’s diet. Before grain can be consumed, however, it must be processed into flour by cracking open its outer husk, or chaff, and then grinding the inner portion into a fine powder. Throughout much of human history, grinding grain was an arduous, tedious, and time-consuming aspect of everyday life. It was a human activity that was ripe for technological improvement.

https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/1132_GreekandRomanTech.pdf

Milling Grain with Water Power | The Great Courses Plus

First sawmill for shipbuilding
In 1328, some historical sources show that a sawmill was developed to form lumber to build ships. A blade is pulled back and forth using a reciprocating saw and water wheel system.
https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-ages-timeline-1992478

Water powered hammer (Monjolo)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA

Watermill - Wikipedia

https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/9xVMs1EAPvF

12th century watermill
https://youtu.be/2-wBYErO8qc?t=24m49s
Windmill
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/bXhYoWZWrxs

After the Renaissance of the 12th century, medieval Europe saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation).

The development of water mills from their ancient origins was impressive, and extended from agriculture to sawmills both for timber and stone. By the time of the Domesday Book, most large villages had turnable mills, around 6,500 in England alone. Water-power was also widely used in mining for raising ore from shafts, crushing ore, and even powering bellows.

European technical advancements from the 12th to 14th centuries were either built on long-established techniques in medieval Europe, originating from Roman and Byzantine antecedents, or adapted from cross-cultural exchanges through trading networks with the Islamic world, China, and India. Often, the revolutionary aspect lay not in the act of invention itself, but in its technological refinement and application to political and economic power. Though gunpowder along with other weapons had been started by Chinese, it was the Europeans who developed and perfected its military potential, precipitating European expansion and eventual imperialism in the Modern Era.

Also significant in this respect were advances in maritime technology. Advances in shipbuilding included the multi-masted ships with lateen sails, the sternpost-mounted rudder and the skeleton-first hull construction. Along with new navigational techniques such as the dry compass, the Jacob's staff and the astrolabe, these allowed economic and military control of the seas adjacent to Europe and enabled the global navigational achievements of the dawning Age of Exploration.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sandglass

? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Prehistoric ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Primitive ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Stone+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Bronze+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Iron+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Roman+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Viking+Age ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=How+to+Make+Medieval ?

Medieval technology - Wikipedia

Technology of Ancients

What The Ancients Did For Us - The Britons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-K8lSbLxzsc

What The Ancients Did For Us
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6aq1PBlrtR6p4hHTc6-z7_HvwGqLko_w

Making History - AllHistories
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL53B27D1AC344509C

Timeline - medieval technology

Timeline of inventions 600-1500
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#11th_century .
● First Millennium ..

Compass - China > .
Gunpowder - China > .
Printing Press - China > .
Paper - China > .

Papyrus ..

Ancient Machines (Machines Of Ancient China)
Bellows - China > .
Multiple-geared gristmill - China > .
Hydraulic trip hammer - China > .
Papermaking, printing, compass, gunpowder - China > .
Drilling machines - China > .
Compound machines - linear & rotational - true Archimidean spiral - China > .

Machines Of Ancient China (Full Documentary) > .

Innovations from Ancient China > .

Gunpowder - China > .

Paper - China > .

Seismometer - China > .

Blast Furnace - China > .

Suspension Bridges - China > .

Explosive Facts About the Invention of Gunpowder - TopT > .

Timeline of inventions 600-1500
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions#11th_century

Roman
Crossbow & bolt (quarrel)

History of weapons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_weapons

7th
Tidal mills

8th
The horse collar first appears in Europe.

The heavy plow is in use in Northern Italy (the Po valley) by the 8th century.

The heavy plow is in use in the Rhineland in the early 8th century.

The stirrup arrives in Europe from China in the early 8th century.
The use of soap, a Gaulish invention, spreads through Europe.
Iron becomes common in western Europe.
Paper is introduced into the Arab world.

9th
The first description of a rotary grindstone occurs in 834.

10th
The use of hops in brewing beer spread between the 10th Century and the 14th.

11th
The whippletree for the tandem hitching of horses to a wagon comes into general use in the 11th century.

The horizontal loom appears in Europe in the 11th century, and in mechanized form in the 12th century.
11th century (Germany) glassblowing

12th
The first artesian well in Europe was dug in Artois (hence the name) in 1126.
Percussion drilling was first used in 1126 by the Carthusian monks.
Paper is first mentioned in Europe in the early part of the 12th century.

Knowledge of magnets and magnetism available in Western Europe by 1140.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioDEYljT2c4&list=PLXYFDuJaCJL3rWLyssXlZa-uUEmoUgJZr&index=10
The compass is in use in Western Europe by the middle of the 12th century.
Tidal mills first appear in Europe.
Rat traps are seemingly well-known by the 1170's.
The first usage of glass mirrors is recorded around 1180.

Windmills first recorded in 1185.

13th
Arabic numbers start being mentioned in manuscripts around the start of the 13th century.
Spectacles are invented in Italy in 1285

Cakes of hard soap enter general use.
First illustration of a wheelbarrow in the first third of the 13th century.
Though in use in China prior to 100 AD and in Islamic lands since the eighth century, paper usage finally spreads to western Europe in the 13th century. Shiraz, 780s; Baghdad, 793; Sicily, 1102; Fabriano?, 1276; France, early 1300s

Spinning wheels arrived in Europe by 1280

Bennett, pp. 344-361 (Diversity and Dynamism in Late Medieval Culture, c. 1300-1500)
https://people.uwm.edu/carlin/courses/hist-204-high-middle-ages-spring-2017/
Paper, horizontal loom, windmill, magnetic compass, spectacles, gunpowder weapons:
http://people.uwm.edu/carlin/some-of-the-new-technologies-of-later-medieval-europe/
Printing press:
http://people.uwm.edu/carlin/the-impact-of-the-printing-press/

14th
Cannon first used in Europe in the first third of the 14th century.

Watermills

1328 first sawmill for shipbuilding

First blast furnaces built in Sweden.

http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html#800
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html#900
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html#1000
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html#1100
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html#1200
http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Timeline.html#1300

http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Subjects.html

Invention, Technology LIST
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/ei2za9Q7i17

Agricultural

Mouldboard Plough – 9th century?

Animals

Horse collar – 12th century

Saddle - Medieval

Whippletrees - 11th century

Navigation, Direction

lodestone, magnetic compass

https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2019/03/navigation-lodestone-magnetic-compasses.html

Neolithic

Flint Knapping

Saddle Quern

Neolithic, Bronze, Iron

Pottery, charcoal, metals

Blacksmithing

Bloomery to Blast Furnace

Metal -- smelting, furnaces, casting, smithing

Carpentry

Fabric

Fabric, Paper, Leather, Looms, Spinning, Weaving

Iron gall ink, vellum, printing

Paper – 13th century Europe

Spinning

Weaving - Ancient to Loom – horizontal loom 11th century

Weaving

Viking

Gunpowder
Cellulose: From Trees to Explosives - Reactions > .

Charcoal

Saltpeter

Sulfur

Industrial Revolution

Islamic scholars

Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra

Glassmaking – 11th

Medieval Eyeglasses 13th Century

Greek and Roman Technology

Concrete - Roman

Construction Cranes – Leveraging Human Power—

Crane - Treadwheel

Milling Grain

Muscle-powered water lifting

Roman spinning | Spindle & Distaff

Medieval Hand cranked 'walking' wheel, man carding wool c. 1340. England

Renaissance Construction Machines

Materials - Mechanical Properties - stone, wood, clay, copper, bronze, and iron

Metal

Color clues in hardening metal

Metal – blast furnace 14th century

Medieval Technology

Tidal Mills - 7th century England

Pottery

Power

Renaissance machines

Roman

Chorabates

Hadrian's Well

Londinium

Military Surveying

Villa

Rope

TIME

clepsammia, clepsydra, hourglass, sandglass, timewheel, water clock

h

Water

Greek and Roman

Archimedes' Screw

Hadrian's Well

Mud Dredge – Renaissance

Muscle-powered water lifting

Greek and Roman Watermills

Roman to Renaissance

Medieval Watermills – 12th century

12th century watermill

14th century watermill

1328 first sawmill for shipbuilding

Windmills

Weapons

Crossbow & bolt (quarrel)

Greek Fire

Hx

Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages

Siege Engines
Siege Tower ➧ (11thC BCE ancient Near East, 4thC BCE Europe )

War

https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/1132_GreekandRomanTech.pdf

Timeline Technology

Medieval Technological Revolution .

Timeline of inventions 600-1500

Agricultural

Mouldboard Plough – 9th century?

Steam, Early Gasoline Engines

LIST agricultural collections, posts, playlists links

Ancient China

Animals
Horse collar – 12th century

Mouldboard Plough – 9th century?

Saddle - Medieval

Whippletrees - 11th century

WW2 parapigeons

Navigation, Direction
lodestone, magnetic compass

Neolithic
Flint Knapping

Papyrus ..

Saddle Quern

Neolithic, Bronze, Iron

Pottery, charcoal, metals

Blacksmithing

Bloomery to Blast Furnace

Metal -- smelting, furnaces, casting, smithing

Carpentry

Fabric
Fabric, Paper, Leather, Looms, Spinning, Weaving

Iron gall ink, vellum, printing

Paper – 13th century Europe

Spinning

Weaving - Ancient to Loom – horizontal loom 11th century

Weaving

Viking

Gunpowder

Explosive Facts About the Invention of Gunpowder - TopT > .

Charcoal

Saltpeter

Sulfur

Industrial Revolution

Islamic scholars

Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra

Glassmaking – 11th

Medieval Eyeglasses 13th Century

Greek and Roman Technology
Concrete - Roman

Construction Cranes – Leveraging Human Power—

Crane - Treadmill

Milling Grain

Muscle-powered water lifting

Roman spinning | Spindle & Distaff

Medieval Hand cranked 'walking' wheel, man carding wool c. 1340. England

Renaissance Construction Machines

Machine Tools

Materials - Mechanical Properties - stone, wood, clay, copper, bronze, and iron

Metal

Color clues in hardening metal

Metal – blast furnace 14th century

Medieval Technology

Microscopy

17th
1675 – Leeuwenhoek & Microscopy (1675) ↠

Tidal Mills - 7th century England

Pottery

Power
Renaissance machines

Steam, Early Gasoline Engines

Steam-Powered Portable Sawmill

Rail

Roman
Chorabates

Hadrian's Well

Londinium

Military Surveying

Villa

Rope

TIME
clepsammia, clepsydra, hourglass, sandglass, timewheel, water clock

Water
Greek and Roman
Archimedes' Screw

Hadrian's Well

Mud Dredge – Renaissance

Muscle-powered water lifting

Greek and Roman Watermills

Roman to Renaissance

Medieval Watermills – 12th century
12th century watermill

14th century watermill

1328 first sawmill for shipbuilding

Windmills

Weapons
Crossbow & bolt (quarrel)

Greek Fire

Hx

Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages

Siege Engines
Siege Tower ➧ (11thC BCE ancient Near East, 4thC BCE Europe )

War

Weaponry

WW1
WW1 folding gun, WW2 Link trainer, parapigeons

WW2
WW2 Link trainer, parapigeons

Machines

RADAR

Scotland

https://guidebookstgc.snagfilms.com/1132_GreekandRomanTech.pdf

Ancient Technology ..
Timeline of human evolution & prehistoric inventions .

Timekeeping

Henry VIII's Astronomical Clock at Hampton Court Palace - HRP > .

A History of Time - Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Days & Weeks - LiHo > .

Before timekeeping became logical ...
https://aeon.co/essays/when-time-became-regular-and-universal-it-changed-history .

Top 10 Remarkable Astronomical Clocks

Wells Cathedral
https://youtu.be/cJTbKvIgjjU?t=16s

Museum of Timekeeping - Objectivity >> .

Salisbury Cathedral clock
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbJb92H5gy8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-THW5wCR4tI

The minute, as a measurement of time, didn’t exist.
During the Middle Ages, people used a combination of water clocks, sun dials, and candle clocks to tell time though none of those could tell time to the minute. While the best water clocks told time to the quarter hour, it wasn’t until the wide use and improvement of mechanical clocks that people could tell time to the minute.
For most of the Middle Ages, clocks rang seven or eight times in a day, not twenty-four.
The length of an hour depended on the time of year and where you lived.
You Couldn’t Waste Time (which supposedly belonged to Gawd), and Time Couldn’t Cost You Money.
Dante Alighieri made the first literary reference to clocks that struck the hours.

https://andreacefalo.com/2014/01/29/telling-time-in-the-middle-ages-5-things-you-didnt-know/

A Brief History of Timekeeping
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URK9Z2G71j8

How They DId It - Telling Time in Ancient Rome > .

Modern: Fixing Daylight Saving Time Is THIS Easy > .

Further Reading and Sources:

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1506.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#Pendulum_clock
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices#cite_note-haencyc-119
http://www.nawcc.org/index.php/just-for-kids/about-time/how-does-it-work
http://www.medievalists.net/2016/01/03/how-did-people-sleep-in-the-middle-ages/
http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16964783

The Sense of Time in Anglo-Saxon England - medievalists .

Telling Time in the Middle Ages: 5 Things You Didn’t Know.

VAWT

VAWT revised > .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdMGdF9g490

VAWT Concept - Vertical-axis wind turbine that uses both drag and lift forces to generate power. A kinematic constraint imposed on the blades determines their angles so that each blade is always generating positively-contributing torque. Blade angles can compensate for a change in wind direction in real time by adjusting the direction of the green 'wind vane' through active or passive control.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdMGdF9g490

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdUp6i8TNgM

Wind turbine of flipping airfoils 3
Violet gear is immobile in relation with blue frame.
The timing belt drives to connect the violet gear and yellow gears are of transmission ratio i = 2. Such arrangement makes the airfoils rotate haft revolution when the blue frame makes one revolution.
So the wind flow (represented by red arrows) always applies torque on blue shaft of the turbine.
Violet tail rudder helps to rotate the violet hollow shaft of the violet gear (pivoted on brown post) toward the wind flow.
This video was made in reference to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdMGdF9g490

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdUp6i8TNgM

Vertical flipping
Using the airfoils at small angles up to 15° is much more efficient than at 90°, because the pressure difference between both sides of the airfoil is much larger for attached flows than detached flows. This is called a voith-schneider-rotor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDW7jGOZGo0

Segmented horizontal flipping
I spot a bit of an design flaw here. The flipping of the blades builds up rotative kinetic energy which then is regularly fully dissipated in massive rotative jerks (spontaneous full stops of rotarion) leading to vibrations, loud noise, wear, and drag through those power losses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdIw3YOrc-E

Wind turbine of semicircle-shaped airfoils
This looks cool, however it would not work, because the second half of the rotation with the plate on the rear side has a downward sloping airfoil. The Moment from the downward "lift" is larger than the moment from the backward drag. On the first half of the rotation both of these effects act in the same direction, so using 4 coupled airfoils could work (with low efficiency)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDEjM7EA76U

Water-powered hammer - monjolo

"I built a water powered hammer called a “Monjolo” (see also karausu (からうす) on google images). I started by making a water spout from half a hollow log to direct water from the creek. This was set up in the creek and water flowed through it. The hammer was made from a fallen tree. I cut it to size by burning it at the points I wanted it cut (to save effort chopping). Next I carved a trough in one end to catch falling water. This was done first with a stone chisel that was then hafted to an L–shaped handle and used as an adze. This adze only took about an hour to make as I already had the chisel head and cordage made of bark fibre to bind it with.

To save further effort carving I used hot coals from the fire to char the wood in the trough. I put the coals in using “chopsticks” (unused arrow shafts) to transfer them from the pit. The coals were fanned or blown with a wooden blowpipe till the wood in the trough burned. Then the char was scraped out. The sides of the trough were sealed with clay to make sure the wooden sides did not burn away which would effectively decrease the volume of the trough. This was approximately 8 hours work over two days.

With the trough carved I made a hole in the middle of the log as a pivot point. Using the same char and scrape method I burnt a hole right through the log using hot coals and a blow pipe. Again clay was used to prevent wood burning where it was wanted. To burn through the approximately 25 cm diameter log it took about 4 hours and 30 minutes. Another hole was burnt in the end to fit the wooden hammer head and it took a similar amount of time.

A tripod lashed with loya cane was set up at the water spout. The axel of the hammer was tied to one leg, the hammer fitted onto the axel and the other end of the axel tied to another leg. The trough was positioned under the waterspout to collect water and the tripod adjusted so that the resting point of the hammer was horizontal (so water wouldn’t prematurely spill out of the trough).
The trough filled with water, outweighed the hammer head and tilted the hammer up into the air. The water then emptied out of the trough (now slanting downwards) and the hammer then slammed down onto an anvil stone returning to its original position. The cycle then repeated at the approximate rate of one strike every 10 seconds. The hammer crushes small soft types of stone like sandstone or ochre. I carved a bowl into the anvil stone so that it would collect the powder. I then crushed old pottery (useful as grog for new pots) and charcoal. Practically speaking, this hammer worked ok as a proof of concept but I might adjust it or make a new one with a larger trough and bigger hammer for heavy duty work.

This is the first machine I’ve built using primitive technology that produces work without human effort. Falling water replaces human calories to perform a repetitive task. A permanent set up usually has a shed protecting the hammer and materials from the weather while the trough end sits outside under the spout. This type of hammer is used to pulverise grain into flour and I thought I might use one to mill dry cassava chips into flour when the garden matures. This device has also been used to crush clay for porcelain production. A stone head might make it useful as a stamp mill for crushing ores to powder. It might pulp fibres for paper even."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA

Ancient Skills ∞
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyObHHCBCSpSX55SVjasr1J

Archaeology - Excavation, Experimental
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-vRsHsClLJ7qVqJfmjm6b87A4Iqv7TYa

Primitive technology: All - playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGnWLXjIDnpBR4xqf3FO-xFFwE-ucq4Fj

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9TdoO2OVaA

Pages

𝕸 Technology, Innovation