𝕸 Natural Philosophy ..
Early Medieval Philosophy ..
Ecclesiastical (superstitious) Curse ..
SDH - Superstition - Dog-Headed Men ..
Early Medieval Philosophy
Warning: Wheaton College was founded by evangelical abolitionists in 1860. Controversially, Wheaton College was prominently featured in the 2001 PBS documentary Evolution, which showcased Wheaton professors' acceptance of theistic evolution. However, given the institutionalized-superstition bias of medieval theology, the upload seems mythically appropriate:
⇒ Wheaton College - History of Philosophy >> .
⇒ Wheaton College - History of Philosophy >> .
𝕸 Anglo-Saxons to Normans
Anglo-Saxons to Normans - playlists ..
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ..
927-7-12 Æthelstan declared rex totius Britanniae ➧
Ancient Warfare .
Anglo-Saxons .
Anglo-Saxon Farming .
Anglo-Saxon migration, 5th century .
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ..
927-7-12 Æthelstan declared rex totius Britanniae ➧
Ancient Warfare .
Anglo-Saxons .
Anglo-Saxon Farming .
Anglo-Saxon migration, 5th century .
Coronations ➧
Evolution of English Law ..
Heptarchy - 7 Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England, circa 800 CE .
Hexham - Acca of Hexham .
Hild & the Snakes .
King Æthelberht of Kent - 560-616 .
Kingdoms of Fortriu, Dál Riata, Northumbria, Gwynedd, Powys .
Heptarchy - 7 Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England, circa 800 CE .
Hexham - Acca of Hexham .
Hild & the Snakes .
King Æthelberht of Kent - 560-616 .
Kingdoms of Fortriu, Dál Riata, Northumbria, Gwynedd, Powys .
Linguistic History - Early Medieval Britain ⇁
Customs
Wassail ..
Æthelstan & Making of England .
Æthelstan Ætheling - never king - early 11th century .
Anglo-Saxon and Early Norman Agricultural Economy .
Post Great Heathen Army:
Æthelflæd, Ingimundr & Battle of Chester (907) .Æthelstan & Making of England .
Æthelstan Ætheling - never king - early 11th century .
Anglo-Saxon and Early Norman Agricultural Economy .
Coronations ➧
Crime & Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England ..
Eadwine psalter .
Edgar, Thored, Oslac & Yorvik - late 10th century .
Crime & Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England ..
Eadwine psalter .
Edgar, Thored, Oslac & Yorvik - late 10th century .
₤sd - Anglo-Saxon Coins and Sceattas ➧
Ragnall ua Ímair, Sea King - Corbridge 918 CE .
Rhodri Mawr ~820–878 .
St. Brice's Day massacre - 13 November 1002 .
Strathclyde 1092-1153 - Partition of a Kingdom .
Rhodri Mawr ~820–878 .
St. Brice's Day massacre - 13 November 1002 .
Strathclyde 1092-1153 - Partition of a Kingdom .
Transport
Handcart ..
Vikings & Great Heathen Army:
Age of the Vikings .
Brut y Tywysogion .
Denmark Unified .
Denmark Unified .
Early History of Scandinavia – Origins, Vikings .
Great Heathen Army .
History of Northern Europe .
Jomsvikings .
Leif Erikson .
Great Heathen Army .
History of Northern Europe .
Jomsvikings .
Leif Erikson .
Linguistic History - Early Medieval Britain ⇁
Norse Mythos, Cosmology .
Norse Mythos, Cosmology .
Society & Raids - Viking ➧
Viking Age .
Viking attack on Lindisfarne - 8th June 793 .
Viking Clothes .
Vikings in England - 793 to 1066 .
Vikingar .
Viking voyages .
Viking workshops - winter of 873-4 .
Völva - Viking Witch .
Viking Age .
Viking attack on Lindisfarne - 8th June 793 .
Viking Clothes .
Vikings in England - 793 to 1066 .
Vikingar .
Viking voyages .
Viking workshops - winter of 873-4 .
Völva - Viking Witch .
Wessex 519-927 - Kings, Vikings, Collapse ⇁
Women -- managers, sailmakers .
Norman Conquest
1066 Harald Hardrada ..
1066 Norman Conquest ..
Women -- managers, sailmakers .
Norman Conquest
1066 Harald Hardrada ..
1066 Norman Conquest ..
Ж 1066 ..
Anglo-Saxons to Normans - playlists
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles (871) / Primary Source > .
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle >>> .
Beowulf & the Anglo-Saxons >>> .
Beowulf & Eald Englisc >>> .
Eald Englisc >>> .
Ecgberht to William >>> .
Anglo-Saxons, Mercians, Norse, Northumbrians, Picts >>> .
Timeline >> playlists page .
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Medieval Documents : 400 - 1399
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/medieval.asp
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple copies were made of that one original and then distributed to monasteries across England, where they were independently updated. In one case, the Chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154.
Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them is the original version. The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbey after a fire at that monastery in 1116. Almost all of the material in the Chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest are dated at 60 BC (the annals' date for Caesar's invasions of Britain), and historical material follows up to the year in which the chronicle was written, at which point contemporary records begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
The Chronicle is not unbiased: there are occasions when comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted events or told one-sided versions of stories; there are also places where the different versions contradict each other. Taken as a whole, however, the Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the departure of the Romans and the decades following the Norman conquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough text is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence.
Seven of the nine surviving manuscripts and fragments now reside in the British Library. The remaining two are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle
http://www.intriguing-history.com/saint-albans-chroniclers/
Alfred and the Battle of Edington
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrhWXefJKWc
In Our Time
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCpYM0jg1d5MDqY_jgDMoMFNVEZBqO-Ci
𝕸 Who Was Who
Abbot of Gloucester - Walter Froucester ..
Bacon, Roger ..
Bacon, Roger (2) ..
𝕸 Nobles - monarch to gentry ..Bacon, Roger (2) ..
1556-3-21 Archbishop Cranmer executed ..
Adventures of English - Melvyn Bragg
The Adventure of English : Melvyn Bragg travels through England and abroad to tell the story of the English language.
Today, English is a worldwide language. What is its future?
Could it end up like Latin?
1 "Birth of a Language"
The modern Frisian language is the closest sounding language
to the English used approximately 2000 years ago, when the people from what is
now the north of the Netherlands travelled to what would become England, and
pushed the Celtic language - ancestor of modern Welsh - (Celts) to the western
side of the island. Words like "blue" can be recognised in the
Frisian language.
Bragg then discusses how English dialects in certain areas
of the United Kingdom were heavily influenced by historical events such as the
invasion of the Vikings in the east, contributing words such as "sky"
to the English language.
2 "English Goes Underground"
Bragg discusses how class also affected the use of English,
especially in the time of William the Conqueror and for approximately 300 years
after his reign; during this period, only the French language and Latin were
used in state affairs and by the aristocracy, while English remained in use
with the lower peasant classes.
3 "The Battle for the Language of the Bible"
In the early to mid 14th century, English fought to be the
language of the Christian Bible through the efforts of theologian John
Wycliffe, who opposed the church's use of a Latin scripture because it
prevented most of the population from reading the bible for themselves. Though
Wycliffe died before English became the official language of the bible, Bragg
discusses how his translation eventually led to the transition of various Latin
words into the English language, including "emperor," "justice,""profession,"
"suddenly" or "angel."
Eventually, Henry V of England would use his power to create
this English language bible in the early 15th century. However, the difficulty
of creating a common language for all the English dialects in the United
Kingdom had to be addressed since there was such an array of spellings and
pronunciations. Bragg explains, "The '-ing' participle, as in 'running,'
was said as '-and' in the North, '-end' in the East Midlands, and '-ind' in the
West Midlands. So 'running' could also be said as 'runnand,' 'runnind,' and
'runnend.'" The number of spellings was even greater, Bragg offers sixteen
different ways in which the word meaning "church" had been spelt at
the time, including "kerke," "kirc," "chirche,"
"cherge" and "schyrche."
The Chancery had the duty of creating an official spelling
for each spoken word, much of which is still used in modern English. Still, the
spelling was confusing because of the debates that went on during this period,
for example many words wound up being spelt as to their roots like the words "debt"
and "doubt" which came from the French language. The word "rhyme"
was given an "h" simply because the word "rhythm" already
had one. Around this time the Great Vowel Shift also took place, which altered
spoken English from the Old English pronunciation to a more modern sounding
form.
The possession of an English bible had become illegal once
more and William Tyndale left the country to write his translation of the bible
from the original Hebrew and Greek version, which he published in 1526. Many of
his sayings are still used today, including, "scapegoat," "the
apple of mine eye," "eat, drink and be merry," and words such as
"beautiful" and "zealous."
Eventually, Henry VIII of England wished for the creation of
an English bible and a new Church of England so that he could divorce his wife
Catherine of Aragon. In time, King James I would create an official version of
the bible which had become wide spread with various versions. This bible
deliberately used words like "ye" and "thou," which were no
longer in common use, to create the sense that the words written would appear
to be ancient, to have authority.
4 "This Earth, This Realm, This England"
In Queen Elizabeth I's time, English began to expand to even
greater depths. Overseas trade brought new words from France, as well as the
now popular swearwords "fokkinge," (fucking) "krappe," (crap)
and "bugger" from Dutch, in the 16th century. Sailors also brought
all kinds of produce like apricots, bananas, limes, yams, cocoa, potatoes, port
wine from Spain and Portugal, chocolate and tomatoes from France as well words
from 50 other languages including "coffee," "magazine," and
"alcohol" from Arabic countries.
"The decade on either side of the year 1600 saw
thousands of Latin words come into the English vocabulary of educated people,
words like 'excavate,' 'horrid,' 'radius,' 'cautionary,' 'pathetic,' 'pungent,'
'frugal' [...]," states Bragg in this episode. The Inkhorn Controversy, a
debate about the English language and where its new words should come from,
soon followed. A few scholars, including John Cheke, wished that the language
should not use Latin or Greek words to expand the English vocabulary, but
rather Anglo-Saxon ones.
English eventually obtained its own dictionary. Eight years
before Italian and 35 years before French. However, this is a huge difference
from the Arabic dictionary, which was made 800 years before and the Sanskrit,
which was created nearly 1000 years before the English.
Scholar Katherine Duncan-Jones informs on poet, courtier and
soldier Philip Sidney, who also had a large impact on the English language,
introducing phrases like "my better half," "far-fetched" and
words such as "conversation," which had previously had another
meaning.
William Shakespeare's contribution to the English vocabulary
is one of the most famous. Over 2000 words used in modern English were first
recorded in his writing, words such as "leapfrog," "assassination,"
"courtship" and "indistinguishable." Shakespeare's
vocabulary included over 21,000 words, his plays translated into 50 different
languages, and Bragg states, "The Oxford English dictionary lists a
stunning 33,000 Shakespeare quotations."
5 "English in America"
Upon landing in North America, settlers encountered Squanto,
a native man who had been captured and brought to England to learn English and
become a guide. After escaping, Squanto returned to his tribe, which happened
to live near the place that the English settlers had created their small
village. Among shockingly few other words, the settlers adopted "skunk"
and "squash" into their vocabulary from the local language, making
clear that they meant to impose their own culture, rather than adopt any other.
English began to change, not only in meaning, with "shops"
becoming "stores," but also with the variety of accents becoming
considerably less in number than in England. In the last 18th and early 19th
centuries, Noah Webster wrote what was known as the American Spelling Book, or
the Blue Backed Speller, which would become one of the most influential books
in the history of the English language, Webster's Dictionary. This dictionary
created simpler spellings, eliminating the "u" in words like "colour"
and "honour," reducing "axe" to "ax" and reducing
double letters to single ones, like in the word "traveller," now
spelt "traveler" in the United States. Words with "re" endings
became "er," and other spellings changed include "defence,"
which became "defense." Interestingly, some words that England had
dropped were kept in by Americans, such as "deft," "scant,"
"talented," "likely" and "fall" instead of the
newer "autumn."
Two-thousand words were created in journals of the Lewis and
Clark Expedition toward the West, including "rapids," which came from
the adjective "rapid." New words to the English language, such as "hickory,"
"moose," "pecan" and "toboggan" are derived from
Indigenous languages. "There are hundreds of names made by combining
existing English words," states Bragg, such as "black bear,"
"bullfrog," "blue jay" and "rednecks," who got
their name from the sunburned necks they got from working in the fields. Rednecks
couldn't afford steamboat fare, they travelled the water on rafts, using
paddles called riffs, and they became known as the "riffraff."
Alcohol also added a great deal of words to the English
language, "bootlegging" referred to hiding a flat bottle of alcohol
in the leg of a boot. "And there were literally hundreds of terms from
drunk," says Bragg. "Benjamin Franklin listed 229 of them minted in
America, including... 'He's wamble-cropped,' 'He's halfway to concord,' 'He's
ate a toad and a half for breakfast,' 'He's groatable,' 'He's globular,' [and] 'He's
loose in the hilts.'"
Irish settlers brought words like "smithereens,"
"speakeasy," "Yes, indeedy" and "No, sirree."
Joseph McCoy had the idea to drive his cattle to trains and
sell them to the Eastern states, creating a new meaning for the word "cowboy,"
and he made a lot of money in the process. Because of this, travellers would
sometimes introduce themselves with his name, and in turn, he began to
introduce himself as "the real McCoy."
The Gullah language is a mixture of English and other
languages that is thought to be the closest to the one that slaves, brought
over from various countries in West Africa and the Caribbean, spoke in the 18th
and early 19th centuries. Words like "banana," "zebra,"
"gorilla," "samba" and "banjo" were incorporated
into English from the slaves living on plantations. The stripped-down grammar
used in variations of English, like Gullah, is common when different languages
come together. However, slave-owners took this to mean that they had lesser
intelligence, when in reality their slaves were ultimately contributing words
to the English language.
6 "Speaking Proper"
The Age of Reason began, and English scholars of mathematics
and science like Isaac Newton started publishing their books in English instead
of Latin. Jonathan Swift would attempt to save the English language from
perpetual change, followed by Samuel Johnson who would write the A Dictionary
of the English Language, made up of 43000 words and definitions, written in
seven years and published in 1755.
Though the upper and lower classes found no reason to change
or improve their grammar, the middle class used it to their advantage in
joining polite society. William Cobbett, a son of the lower middle class and
writer of Rural Rides, advising those who wish to rise above their station that
writing and speaking properly was essential.
As English began to replace Gaelic in Scotland it took on
its own character, using "bonnie" from the French "bon" and
"kolf" from the Dutch for "club", the probable origin for "golf".
Several other words came from Gaelic, including "ceilidh", "glen",
"loch", and "whisky". Pronunciation became an issue all
over the United Kingdom, as some sounds could be spelt in several different
ways, while one spelling could have several articulations. Irish actor Thomas
Sheridan wrote British Education, a book that attempted to educate all English
speakers in the proper pronunciation of words. However, some Scots were
offended that their speech might be considered second-class and the Scottish
poet Robert Burns, son of a poor farmer, became the hero of the Scottish
language. William Wordsworth also became a champion of the ordinary peoples'
English, suggesting that poetry need not be written using haughty vocabulary.
The turn of the 19th century marked a period when women were
more educated and their speech and literacy improved. Novels were thought to be
a frivolous occupation for females until Jane Austen wrote about the
capabilities of such works in her own novels; her works were highly proper,
often using words like "agreeable", "appropriate", "discretion",
and "propriety".
Then came the Industrial Revolution and the language that
came along with it. The steam engine changed the meaning of words like "train",
"locomotive", and "tracks" to be associated with the new
technology. Along with this age came a change of social situation; the term "slum"
came into use, and Cockney rhyming slang became a new form of speech for those
in the lower class.
7 "The Language of Empire"
British trade and colonisation spread the English language. In
India, scholar William Jones finds some English words already present in
Sanskrit. Convicts land in Australia, blending London criminal slang and
Aboriginal words into a new dialect. Jamaicans reclaim patois.
8 "Many Tongues Called English, One World Language"
English Language - Anglo-Saxon - Beowulf
English Language - Anglo-Saxon - Adventure Story playlist .
Michael Wood - In Search of Beowulf,
Shakespeare - Original Pronunciation,
History of English Language,
Old English,
Old Norse,
Middle English
The Story of English,
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,
In Search of Shakespeare.
Michael Wood - In Search of Beowulf,
Shakespeare - Original Pronunciation,
History of English Language,
Old English,
Old Norse,
Middle English
The Story of English,
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,
In Search of Shakespeare.
𝕸 Power Structures
Estates of the Realm ..
Chivalry ..
Church upheavals ..
Church and Crown to Parliament ..
Chivalry ..
Church upheavals ..
Church and Crown to Parliament ..
Coronations ➧
Court - Middle Ages ..
Criticism of Late Medieval Religion ..
Earl Marshall ..
Court - Middle Ages ..
Criticism of Late Medieval Religion ..
Earl Marshall ..
Church upheavals
Milestones in Crowd Control
Medieval Antisemitism: An Introduction ~Dr Lackner > .
523-4 – Boethius writes The Consolation of Philosophy
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, a Roman senator and official, is imprisoned by King Theodoric the Great. As he awaits his trial, Boethius writes this philosophical treatise, which examines various questions, including why bad things happen to good people. It has since become a major work of philosophy.
525 – Anno Domini calendar invented
A monk named Dionysius Exiguus creates this new dating system as part of his efforts to understand the dating of Easter. It wanted the year 1 AD to be the date when Jesus Christ was born, although later calculations show that his birth occurred before this. Gradually use of this calendar became more widespread, and is now the most widely accepted system for counting years in the world.
529-34 – Code of Justinian issued
A set of laws created during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it is considered an important milestone in the history of law.
563 – St Columbus founds Iona
The Irish missionary Columba and 12 companions set up a monastery on the Isle of Iona, just off the Scottish coast. This event marks an important point in the development of Christianity in the British Isles and the rise of monasticism in Western Europe.
590 – Gregory the Great becomes Pope
Gregorius Anicius is elected Pope, taking the name Gregory I. He would reign until 604, and would undertake a series of measures that strengthened the role of the Papacy and spread the Christian religion.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcPK5dp2dfQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPnDcMbFXaM .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVpDSz8BRBk .
Anglo-Saxon Primary Sources - VoP >> .
735 – Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the History of the English Church and People in Latin, perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum ?
793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne
Raiders from Scandinavia attack a monastery at Lindisfarne. It is seen as the beginning of Norse attacks and expansion in Europe.
910 – Cluny Abbey founded
Founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, this French monastery would become an important centre of Christianity in the Middle Ages.
1054 – Great Schism
An official break between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches which lasts to the present-day.
1095 – First Crusade is launched
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls upon Christians to undertake a military expedition in support of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. It would lead to the conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concerted effort by Western Europeans to take control of the Near East.
1098 – Cistercians founded
Robert, abbot of Molesme, establishes a new religious order in Cîteaux. The Cistercians offered a different kind of monastic reform that would be popular in medieval Europe.
1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
Invoked by Pope Innocent III, this meeting would see hundreds of bishops and religious figures attend, and bring about sweeping changes to Catholic doctrine.
1215 – Magna Carta
A charter agreed to by King John of England and his rebellious barons, the document would come to be seen as the beginning of legal limits on the power of monarchs.
1216 – Dominican Order
The Dominican order is founded by St. Dominic of Spain and is authorized by Innocent III. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.
1265 – Thomas Aquinas begins his Summa Theologiae
This Dominican friar does not complete this massive work before his death in 1274, but the text has become one of the most important works on theology.
Thomas Aquinas 1 > .Thomas Aquinas 2 > .
1378 – Western Schism begins
A split within the Catholic churches that would see two or three men claiming to be Pope at the same time.
http://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/10-medieval-dates-you-need-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages
http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/middleageschron.html
50 Most Important Events of the Middle Ages .
Medieval Antisemitism: An Introduction ~Dr Lackner > .
523-4 – Boethius writes The Consolation of Philosophy
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, a Roman senator and official, is imprisoned by King Theodoric the Great. As he awaits his trial, Boethius writes this philosophical treatise, which examines various questions, including why bad things happen to good people. It has since become a major work of philosophy.
525 – Anno Domini calendar invented
A monk named Dionysius Exiguus creates this new dating system as part of his efforts to understand the dating of Easter. It wanted the year 1 AD to be the date when Jesus Christ was born, although later calculations show that his birth occurred before this. Gradually use of this calendar became more widespread, and is now the most widely accepted system for counting years in the world.
529-34 – Code of Justinian issued
A set of laws created during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it is considered an important milestone in the history of law.
563 – St Columbus founds Iona
The Irish missionary Columba and 12 companions set up a monastery on the Isle of Iona, just off the Scottish coast. This event marks an important point in the development of Christianity in the British Isles and the rise of monasticism in Western Europe.
590 – Gregory the Great becomes Pope
Gregorius Anicius is elected Pope, taking the name Gregory I. He would reign until 604, and would undertake a series of measures that strengthened the role of the Papacy and spread the Christian religion.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcPK5dp2dfQ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPnDcMbFXaM .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVpDSz8BRBk .
Anglo-Saxon Primary Sources - VoP >> .
735 – Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon Benedictine scholar, writes the History of the English Church and People in Latin, perhaps the best historical writing of medieval history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBCUeZVuyxQ
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Historia+ecclesiastica+gentis+Anglorum ?
793 – Vikings raid Lindisfarne
Raiders from Scandinavia attack a monastery at Lindisfarne. It is seen as the beginning of Norse attacks and expansion in Europe.
910 – Cluny Abbey founded
Founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine, this French monastery would become an important centre of Christianity in the Middle Ages.
1054 – Great Schism
An official break between the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches which lasts to the present-day.
1095 – First Crusade is launched
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls upon Christians to undertake a military expedition in support of the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuk Turks. It would lead to the conquest of Jerusalem four years later and a concerted effort by Western Europeans to take control of the Near East.
1098 – Cistercians founded
Robert, abbot of Molesme, establishes a new religious order in Cîteaux. The Cistercians offered a different kind of monastic reform that would be popular in medieval Europe.
1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
Invoked by Pope Innocent III, this meeting would see hundreds of bishops and religious figures attend, and bring about sweeping changes to Catholic doctrine.
1215 – Magna Carta
A charter agreed to by King John of England and his rebellious barons, the document would come to be seen as the beginning of legal limits on the power of monarchs.
1216 – Dominican Order
The Dominican order is founded by St. Dominic of Spain and is authorized by Innocent III. Its purpose is to convert Muslims and Jews and to put an end to heresy. The Dominicans eventually become the main administrators of inquisitorial trials.
1265 – Thomas Aquinas begins his Summa Theologiae
This Dominican friar does not complete this massive work before his death in 1274, but the text has become one of the most important works on theology.
Thomas Aquinas 1 > .Thomas Aquinas 2 > .
1378 – Western Schism begins
A split within the Catholic churches that would see two or three men claiming to be Pope at the same time.
http://www.medievalists.net/2018/04/most-important-events-middle-ages/
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/10-medieval-dates-you-need-to-know/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages
http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/middleageschron.html
50 Most Important Events of the Middle Ages .
Church and Crown to Parliament
Henry II and Becket
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_EKUIBz_po0 .
Magna Carta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDZBNwpYmfQ .
First Parliaments
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M9LCXI-V0I .
Peasants Revolt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3EzLF2rOKY .
Magna Carta
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDZBNwpYmfQ .
First Parliaments
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8M9LCXI-V0I .
Peasants Revolt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3EzLF2rOKY .
Court - Middle Ages
Medieval Court
Medieval Nobility - Historical Presentation - Metatron > .
Medieval Court
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPGmK0E2xlI
19 December, 1387: Battle of Radcot Bridge: Henry Bolingbroke, Robert de Vere, 1387
https://youtu.be/Kfcp6yrtV40?t=10m8s
Plantagenets to Richard II
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzcsWLCkQqdx3XqCwiTzeYj
British History: Kings and Queens (1066 - 2017)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBD45E22BA58C9874
Hundred Years' War
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/9sWTWnjYLwj
David Starkey - Monarchy
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYOaFvSd0bB1JUkf9Q0GW8l8xCyJRooEo
Britain’s Bloodiest Dynasty
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhMDlPcDRBKS5uCN_8iZgR-boDrpZcwDl
The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The name Plantagenet is used by modern historians to identify four distinct royal houses: the Angevins, who were also Counts of Anjou; the main body of the Plantagenets following the loss of Anjou; and the Plantagenets' two cadet branches, the Houses of Lancaster and York. The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, when Richard III died.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet
Plantagenets - Edward I to Richard II
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzcsWLCkQqdx3XqCwiTzeYj
British History: Kings and Queens (1066 - 2017)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBD45E22BA58C9874
The Edwards
Monarchy [Starkey] looks at the reigns of Edward I through Edward III. Edward I (also known as Edward Longshanks) conquers Wales and provokes Scotland into rebellion. He forces John Balliol to abdicate, but the Scots continue to resist under William Wallace and Robert the Bruce. After Edward's death, his son becomes King Edward II. Edward II is an unpopular king due to his extravagant favoritism in the Court. He leads his armies to defeat against Scotland in the Battle of Bannockburn and is later deposed by his wife Isabella. Edward III is crowned is popular with the people and the nobles. Using the longbow, he has military success against the Scots and begins the 100 Years War against France.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1021787/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl
μόνος ἄρχω - monarchy
David Starkey - Monarchy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eaMix9x4HE&list=PLYOaFvSd0bB2p3vzLnJSETk-jypqfhUpY .
Richard II - posts - Mercedes Rochelle
http://www.mercedesrochelle.com/wordpress/?cat=15
Medieval Nobility - Historical Presentation - Metatron > .
Medieval Court
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPGmK0E2xlI
19 December, 1387: Battle of Radcot Bridge: Henry Bolingbroke, Robert de Vere, 1387
https://youtu.be/Kfcp6yrtV40?t=10m8s
Plantagenets to Richard II
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzcsWLCkQqdx3XqCwiTzeYj
British History: Kings and Queens (1066 - 2017)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBD45E22BA58C9874
Hundred Years' War
https://plus.google.com/103755316640704343614/posts/9sWTWnjYLwj
David Starkey - Monarchy
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLYOaFvSd0bB1JUkf9Q0GW8l8xCyJRooEo
Britain’s Bloodiest Dynasty
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhMDlPcDRBKS5uCN_8iZgR-boDrpZcwDl
The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France. The name Plantagenet is used by modern historians to identify four distinct royal houses: the Angevins, who were also Counts of Anjou; the main body of the Plantagenets following the loss of Anjou; and the Plantagenets' two cadet branches, the Houses of Lancaster and York. The family held the English throne from 1154, with the accession of Henry II, until 1485, when Richard III died.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet
Plantagenets - Edward I to Richard II
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCzcsWLCkQqdx3XqCwiTzeYj
British History: Kings and Queens (1066 - 2017)
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBD45E22BA58C9874
The Edwards
Monarchy [Starkey] looks at the reigns of Edward I through Edward III. Edward I (also known as Edward Longshanks) conquers Wales and provokes Scotland into rebellion. He forces John Balliol to abdicate, but the Scots continue to resist under William Wallace and Robert the Bruce. After Edward's death, his son becomes King Edward II. Edward II is an unpopular king due to his extravagant favoritism in the Court. He leads his armies to defeat against Scotland in the Battle of Bannockburn and is later deposed by his wife Isabella. Edward III is crowned is popular with the people and the nobles. Using the longbow, he has military success against the Scots and begins the 100 Years War against France.
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1021787/plotsummary?ref_=tt_ov_pl
μόνος ἄρχω - monarchy
David Starkey - Monarchy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eaMix9x4HE&list=PLYOaFvSd0bB2p3vzLnJSETk-jypqfhUpY .
Richard II - posts - Mercedes Rochelle
http://www.mercedesrochelle.com/wordpress/?cat=15
Criticism of Late Medieval Religion
Early Modern England with Keith E. Wrightson - YaleCourses >> .
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL18B9F132DFD967A3 .
7. Late Medieval Religion and Its Critics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kf-GsRGb3Y
8. Reformation and Division, 1530-1558
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koJ6wcHU_Po
The Early Middle Ages, 284--1000 with Paul Freedman - YaleCourses
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL77A337915A76F660
Course | History of the World to 1500 CE - Columbia
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL49C7AA14331CFEF3
Course | History of the World Since 1500 CE - Columbia
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0F20231852519BBC
Bilkent: Medieval Europe (500-1500) | CosmoLearning History - CosmoLearning
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaLOVNqqD-2HKHtfe4No8Sua_3JEvRHGe
European Civiliization (1648-1945) with John Merriman - YaleCourses
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3A8E6CE294860A24
The Civil War and Reconstruction with David Blight - YaleCourses
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5DD220D6A1282057
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kf-GsRGb3Y .
Earl Marshall
The office of royal marshal existed in much of Europe, involving managing horses and protecting the monarch. In England, the office became hereditary under John FitzGilbert the Marshal (served c.1130–1165) after The Anarchy, and rose in prominence under his second son, William Marshal, later Earl of Pembroke. He served under several kings, acted as regent, and organised funerals and the regency during Henry III's childhood. After passing through his daughter's husband to the Earls of Norfolk, the post evolved into "Earl Marshal" and the title remained unchanged, even after the earldom of Norfolk became a dukedom.
In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the king's horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the constable's post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, the body concerned with all matters of genealogy and heraldry. In conjunction with the Lord High Constable, he had held a court, known as the Court of Chivalry, for the administration of justice in accordance with the law of arms, which was concerned with many subjects relating to military matters, such as ransom, booty and soldiers' wages, and including the misuse of armorial bearings.
Depiction by Matthew Paris(d.1259) of the arms of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke(1194–1219): Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules
Arms of "Bigod Modern": Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules, adopted by Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (1269–1306), after 1269 following his inheritance of the office of Marshal of England from the Marshal family
In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the king's horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the constable's post declined and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, the body concerned with all matters of genealogy and heraldry. In conjunction with the Lord High Constable, he had held a court, known as the Court of Chivalry, for the administration of justice in accordance with the law of arms, which was concerned with many subjects relating to military matters, such as ransom, booty and soldiers' wages, and including the misuse of armorial bearings.
Depiction by Matthew Paris(d.1259) of the arms of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke(1194–1219): Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules
Arms of "Bigod Modern": Party per pale or and vert, overall a lion rampant gules, adopted by Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk (1269–1306), after 1269 following his inheritance of the office of Marshal of England from the Marshal family
Lords Marshal of England, 1135–1386
Gilbert Marshal ?–1129 (?)
John Marshal 1130–1165 (?)
John Marshal 1165–1194
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1194–1219
William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1219–1231
Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1231–1234
Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke 1234–1241
Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke 1242–1245
Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke 1245
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1245–1269
Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 1269–1306
Robert de Clifford 1307–1308
Nicholas Seagrave 1308–1316
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 1316–1338
William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury 1338-1344
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk 1338–1377
Henry Percy, Lord Percy 1377
John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, Lord Maltravers 1377–1383 (died 1379)
Thomas Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1385–1386
Gilbert Marshal ?–1129 (?)
John Marshal 1130–1165 (?)
John Marshal 1165–1194
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1194–1219
William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1219–1231
Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1231–1234
Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke 1234–1241
Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke 1242–1245
Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke 1245
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1245–1269
Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 1269–1306
Robert de Clifford 1307–1308
Nicholas Seagrave 1308–1316
Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 1316–1338
William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury 1338-1344
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk 1338–1377
Henry Percy, Lord Percy 1377
John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, Lord Maltravers 1377–1383 (died 1379)
Thomas Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1385–1386
Heraldry
 |
| Neville-Warwick Arms. |
------
What is a Coat of Arms? - Shadiversity > .
The Proud Symbolism of Heraldry - Cornell University Library > .
Divisions of the Shield - Michael Richards > .
Heraldry for beginners (I) - Introduction - The Web Herald > .
How to Blazon a Coat of Arms - Pete Kennedy > .
-----
To properly describe blasons arms, one has to use arcane terminology, codified and refined to a fault by heralds and scholars over the centuries. To make things worse, in English speaking countries the language of heraldry is normally still Norman French, the language habitually spoken at the court of England in the early heraldic age.
Especially after the 14th century the use of armorial bearings was almost never restricted to certain individuals, families, corporations or institutions. Clearly there was a difference between England, where heraldry was most for aristocrats, and Italy, where heraldry was everywhere and pretty much for everyone.
----
Heraldry
The first use of heraldry associated with the English was in the Bayeux Tapestry, recounting the events of the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where both sides used emblems in similar ways.
The first Royal Coat of Arms was created in 1154 under Henry II, the idea of heraldry becoming popular among the knights on the first and second crusades, along with the idea of chivalry. Under Henry III it gained a system of classification and a technical language. However, over the next two centuries the system was abused, leading to the swamping of true coats-of-arms.
For the rest of the medieval period it was popular within the upper classes to have a distinctive family mark for competitions and tournaments, and was popular (although not prevalent) within the lower classes. It found particular use with knights, for practice and in the mêlée of battle, where heraldry was worn on embroidered fabric covering their armour. Indeed, their houses' signs became known as coats-of-arms in this way. They were also worn on shields, where they were known as shields-of-arms. As well as military uses, the main charge was used in the seals of households. These were used to prove the authenticity of documents carried by heralds (messengers) and is the basis of the word heraldry in English. One example of this is the seal of John Mundegumri (1175), which bears a single fleur-de-lys. Prior to the 16th century, there was no regulation on the use of arms in England.
image:
The coat of arms of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick uses almost all typical forms of heraldry in England: The first quarter consists of his father-in-law, Richard Beauchamp, who bore with an escutcheon of De Clare quartering Despenser, now shown in Neville's fourth quarter. The second quarter shows the arms of the Montacutes (Montagu). The third quarter shows the arms of Neville differenced by a label for Lancaster.
Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick .
De Clare .
Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester .
Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury .
House of Neville ..
https://plus.google.com/+SuttonHoo/posts/BtksziWpiBG
Earl of Warwick ..
Gallo-British heraldry
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). It is common to see heraldic furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under Napoleon. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.
Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.
Portal Heraldry.
Tincture.
Thomas Montagu, 4th Earl of Salisbury .
House of Neville ..
https://plus.google.com/+SuttonHoo/posts/BtksziWpiBG
Earl of Warwick ..
Gallo-British heraldry
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). It is common to see heraldic furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under Napoleon. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.
Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.
Portal Heraldry.
Tincture.
English heraldry
.
History of Heraldry; Officers of Arms [Medieval Professions: Herald] - Kobean > .Proud Symbolism of Heraldry: Why It Matters - Cornell > .
Medieval Professions - Kobean History >> .
English heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in England. It lies within the so-called Gallo-British tradition.
To properly describe blasons arms, one has to use arcane terminology, codified and refined to a fault by heralds and scholars over the centuries. To make things worse, in English speaking countries the language of heraldry is normally still Norman French, the language habitually spoken at the court of England in the early heraldic age.
Especially after the 14th century the use of armorial bearings was almost never restricted to certain individuals, families, corporations or institutions. Clearly there was a difference between England, where heraldry was most for aristocrats, and Italy, where heraldry was everywhere and pretty much for everyone.
http://www.medievalists.net/2015/10/16/the-proud-symbolism-of-heraldry-why-it-matters-why-it-is-fun/
Heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry
The first use of heraldry associated with the English was in the Bayeux Tapestry, recounting the events of the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where both sides used emblems in similar ways.
The first Royal Coat of Arms was created in 1154 under Henry II, the idea of heraldry becoming popular among the knights on the first and second crusades, along with the idea of chivalry. Under Henry III it gained a system of classification and a technical language. However, over the next two centuries the system was abused, leading to the swamping of true coats-of-arms.
For the rest of the medieval period it was popular within the upper classes to have a distinctive family mark for competitions and tournaments, and was popular (although not prevalent) within the lower classes. It found particular use with knights, for practice and in the mêlée of battle, where heraldry was worn on embroidered fabric covering their armour. Indeed, their houses' signs became known as coats-of-arms in this way. They were also worn on shields, where they were known as shields-of-arms. As well as military uses, the main charge was used in the seals of households. These were used to prove the authenticity of documents carried by heralds (messengers) and is the basis of the word heraldry in English. One example of this is the seal of John Mundegumri (1175), which bears a single fleur-de-lys. Prior to the 16th century, there was no regulation on the use of arms in England.
image:
The coat of arms of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick uses almost all typical forms of heraldry in England: The first quarter consists of his father-in-law, Richard Beauchamp, who bore with an escutcheon of De Clare quartering Despenser, now shown in Neville's fourth quarter. The second quarter shows the arms of the Montacutes (Montagu). The third quarter shows the arms of Neville differenced by a label for Lancaster.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Clare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_le_Despenser,_Countess_of_Worcester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Salisbury
Earl of Warwick
Gallo-British heraldry
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). It is common to see heraldic furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under Napoleon. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.
Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry#Gallo-British_heraldry
Portal Heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Heraldry
Tincture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry) .
.
What is a Coat of Arms? - Shadiversity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiJCqjvVpec
The Proud Symbolism of Heraldry - Cornell University Library
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njK2eS-eg24
Divisions of the Shield - Michael Richards
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8YrdU3hs2Q
Heraldry for beginners (I) - Introduction - The Web Herald
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVz7jN2y1NU
How to Blazon a Coat of Arms - Pete Kennedy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZg1DtJcL3w
.
To properly describe blasons arms, one has to use arcane terminology, codified and refined to a fault by heralds and scholars over the centuries. To make things worse, in English speaking countries the language of heraldry is normally still Norman French, the language habitually spoken at the court of England in the early heraldic age.
Especially after the 14th century the use of armorial bearings was almost never restricted to certain individuals, families, corporations or institutions. Clearly there was a difference between England, where heraldry was most for aristocrats, and Italy, where heraldry was everywhere and pretty much for everyone.
http://www.medievalists.net/2015/10/16/the-proud-symbolism-of-heraldry-why-it-matters-why-it-is-fun/
Heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry
The first use of heraldry associated with the English was in the Bayeux Tapestry, recounting the events of the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where both sides used emblems in similar ways.
The first Royal Coat of Arms was created in 1154 under Henry II, the idea of heraldry becoming popular among the knights on the first and second crusades, along with the idea of chivalry. Under Henry III it gained a system of classification and a technical language. However, over the next two centuries the system was abused, leading to the swamping of true coats-of-arms.
For the rest of the medieval period it was popular within the upper classes to have a distinctive family mark for competitions and tournaments, and was popular (although not prevalent) within the lower classes. It found particular use with knights, for practice and in the mêlée of battle, where heraldry was worn on embroidered fabric covering their armour. Indeed, their houses' signs became known as coats-of-arms in this way. They were also worn on shields, where they were known as shields-of-arms. As well as military uses, the main charge was used in the seals of households. These were used to prove the authenticity of documents carried by heralds (messengers) and is the basis of the word heraldry in English. One example of this is the seal of John Mundegumri (1175), which bears a single fleur-de-lys. Prior to the 16th century, there was no regulation on the use of arms in England.
image:
The coat of arms of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick uses almost all typical forms of heraldry in England: The first quarter consists of his father-in-law, Richard Beauchamp, who bore with an escutcheon of De Clare quartering Despenser, now shown in Neville's fourth quarter. The second quarter shows the arms of the Montacutes (Montagu). The third quarter shows the arms of Neville differenced by a label for Lancaster.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Beauchamp,_13th_Earl_of_Warwick
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Clare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_le_Despenser,_Countess_of_Worcester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Salisbury
House of Neville
https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2018/11/neville.html
https://mittelzeit.blogspot.com/2018/11/neville.html
Earl of Warwick
Gallo-British heraldry
The use of cadency marks to difference arms within the same family and the use of semy fields are distinctive features of Gallo-British heraldry (in Scotland the most significant mark of cadency being the bordure, the small brisures playing a very minor role). It is common to see heraldic furs used. In the United Kingdom, the style is notably still controlled by royal officers of arms. French heraldry experienced a period of strict rules of construction under Napoleon. English and Scots heraldries make greater use of supporters than other European countries.
Furs, chevrons and five-pointed stars are more frequent in France and Britain than elsewhere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry#Gallo-British_heraldry
Portal Heraldry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Heraldry
Tincture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry) .
What is a Coat of Arms? - Shadiversity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiJCqjvVpec
The Proud Symbolism of Heraldry - Cornell University Library
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njK2eS-eg24
Divisions of the Shield - Michael Richards
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8YrdU3hs2Q
Heraldry for beginners (I) - Introduction - The Web Herald
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVz7jN2y1NU
How to Blazon a Coat of Arms - Pete Kennedy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YZg1DtJcL3w
.
KG - Knights of the Garter
King Edward III founded the Order of the Garter around the time of his claim to the French throne. The traditional year of foundation is usually given as 1348 (when it was formally proclaimed). However, the Complete Peerage, under "The Founders of the Order of the Garter", states the order was first instituted on 23 April 1344, listing each founding member as knighted in 1344. The list includes Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt, who died on 20 October 1345. Other dates from 1344 to 1351 have also been proposed. The King's wardrobe account shows Garter habits first issued in the autumn of 1348. Also, its original statutes required that each member of the Order already be a knight (what would now be referred to as a knight bachelor) and some of the initial members listed were only knighted that year. The foundation is likely to have been inspired by the Spanish Order of the Band, established in about 1330.
April 23, 1348: Order of the Garter > .
List of Founder Knights
At the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St George's Chapel:[7]
King Edward III (1312–77)
Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales (1330–76)
Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Lancaster (c. 1310–61)
Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick (d. 1369)
Jean III de Grailly, Captal de Buch (d. 1377)
Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford (1301–72)
William de Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1328–97)
Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (1328–60)
John de Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle (1318–56)
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh (d. 1369)
John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (d. 1360)
John de Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun (c. 1320–76)
Sir Hugh de Courtenay (d. 1349)
Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent (1314–1360)
John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield (c. 1300–59)
Sir Richard Fitz-Simon (b. 1295)
Sir Miles Stapleton (d. 1364)
Sir Thomas Wale (d. 1352)
Sir Hugh Wrottesley (d. 1381)
Sir Nele Loring (d. 1386)
Sir John Chandos (d. 1369)
Sir James Audley (d. 1369)
Sir Otho Holand (d. 1359)
Sir Henry Eam (d. before 1360)
Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt (d. 1345)[3]
Sir Walter Paveley (d. 1375)
They are all depicted in individual portraits in the Bruges Garter Book made c. 1431, and now in the British Library.
The Bruges Garter Book is a 15th-century illuminated manuscript containing portraits of the founder knights of the Order of the Garter. It was made to the order of William Bruges (c. 1375-1450), Garter King of Arms, and constitutes the first armorial covering members of the Order.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Garter_Book
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England
Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, KG (c. 14 February 1313 – 13 November 1369) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. In 1348 he became one of the founders and the third Knight of the Order of the Garter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_11th_Earl_of_Warwick
After Bolingbroke deposed Richard and became king as Henry IV, Beauchamp was restored to his titles and estates. He was one of those who urged the new King to murder Richard, and accompanied King Henry against the rebellion of 1400.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_12th_Earl_of_Warwick
English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
By the second half of the fourteenth century the English peerage, those sixty to seventy lords each of whom was entitled to an individual summons to parliament, had emerged as a distinct and privileged group at the top of English lay society. Their social and political pre-eminence stemmed firstly from their role as the chief military commanders and advisers of the king, and secondly from the lordship of land and men which they exercised in their localities*—or, as they sometimes described them, their ‘countries’. In a sense, *England was a federation of lordly spheres of influence. It was largely for their local authority that the king valued his peers. It was for the same local authority that the gentry, without whose consent and co-operation it could hardly be exercised, valued them.
A picture of England as a jigsaw of lordly spheres of influence is, however, prone to oversimplification, and it is advisable to begin with some caveats. What the peers enjoyed in their ‘countries’ was leadership and influence, it was not ‘control’. Dependent as it was on the consent of both the king and the local gentry, it could never be that. Nor were their spheres of influence clearly demarcated. Sometimes peers were entrusted with specific rights within quite clearly defined areas (a county, for example), but for the most part lordship was not so much a consolidated territorial power-block as a bundle of rights and a series of connections, overlapping and intermingling with a number of other sources of authority. Moreover, there was nothing immutable about them. They were continually expanding and contracting, and frequently changing hands. Local leadership was a question of degree, of individual ability, often of luck.
https://www.questia.com/library/103476203/the-english-nobility-in-the-late-middle-ages-the .
List of Founder Knights
At the time of its foundation, the Order consisted of King Edward III, together with 25 Founder Knights, listed in ascending order of stall number in St George's Chapel:[7]
King Edward III (1312–77)
Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales (1330–76)
Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Lancaster (c. 1310–61)
Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick (d. 1369)
Jean III de Grailly, Captal de Buch (d. 1377)
Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford (1301–72)
William de Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury (1328–97)
Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March (1328–60)
John de Lisle, 2nd Baron Lisle (1318–56)
Bartholomew de Burghersh, 2nd Baron Burghersh (d. 1369)
John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (d. 1360)
John de Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun (c. 1320–76)
Sir Hugh de Courtenay (d. 1349)
Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent (1314–1360)
John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield (c. 1300–59)
Sir Richard Fitz-Simon (b. 1295)
Sir Miles Stapleton (d. 1364)
Sir Thomas Wale (d. 1352)
Sir Hugh Wrottesley (d. 1381)
Sir Nele Loring (d. 1386)
Sir John Chandos (d. 1369)
Sir James Audley (d. 1369)
Sir Otho Holand (d. 1359)
Sir Henry Eam (d. before 1360)
Sir Sanchet D'Abrichecourt (d. 1345)[3]
Sir Walter Paveley (d. 1375)
They are all depicted in individual portraits in the Bruges Garter Book made c. 1431, and now in the British Library.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Garter_Book
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England
Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, KG (c. 14 February 1313 – 13 November 1369) was an English nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War. In 1348 he became one of the founders and the third Knight of the Order of the Garter.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_11th_Earl_of_Warwick
Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, KG (16 March 1338 – 8 April 1401) was an English medieval nobleman of French descent, and one of the primary opponents of Richard II.
After Bolingbroke deposed Richard and became king as Henry IV, Beauchamp was restored to his titles and estates. He was one of those who urged the new King to murder Richard, and accompanied King Henry against the rebellion of 1400.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_12th_Earl_of_Warwick
English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
By the second half of the fourteenth century the English peerage, those sixty to seventy lords each of whom was entitled to an individual summons to parliament, had emerged as a distinct and privileged group at the top of English lay society. Their social and political pre-eminence stemmed firstly from their role as the chief military commanders and advisers of the king, and secondly from the lordship of land and men which they exercised in their localities*—or, as they sometimes described them, their ‘countries’. In a sense, *England was a federation of lordly spheres of influence. It was largely for their local authority that the king valued his peers. It was for the same local authority that the gentry, without whose consent and co-operation it could hardly be exercised, valued them.
A picture of England as a jigsaw of lordly spheres of influence is, however, prone to oversimplification, and it is advisable to begin with some caveats. What the peers enjoyed in their ‘countries’ was leadership and influence, it was not ‘control’. Dependent as it was on the consent of both the king and the local gentry, it could never be that. Nor were their spheres of influence clearly demarcated. Sometimes peers were entrusted with specific rights within quite clearly defined areas (a county, for example), but for the most part lordship was not so much a consolidated territorial power-block as a bundle of rights and a series of connections, overlapping and intermingling with a number of other sources of authority. Moreover, there was nothing immutable about them. They were continually expanding and contracting, and frequently changing hands. Local leadership was a question of degree, of individual ability, often of luck.
https://www.questia.com/library/103476203/the-english-nobility-in-the-late-middle-ages-the .
The Stowe Armorial coat of arms is the centrepiece of the Gothic Library at Stowe. ... The armorial is a 1.4m diameter heraldic painting of the 719 quarterings of the Temple, Nugent, Brydges, Chandos and Grenville families, including ten variations of the English Royal arms, the arms of Spencer, De Clare, Valence, Mowbray, Mortimer and De Grey.
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