Neville

Neville-Warwick Arms.

 The House of Neville (also the House of Nevill) is a noble house of early medieval origin, which was a leading force in English politics in the later Middle Ages. The family became one of the two major powers in northern England, along with the House of Percy, and played a central role in the Wars of the Roses. (Heraldry)

Alexander Neville, Archbishop of York (1374 - 1386) Appointed on 3 or 14 April 1374, and enthroned at York Minster on 18 December 1374.

Born in about 1340, Alexander Neville was a younger son of Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby and Alice de Audley. He was a member of the Neville family, one of the most powerful families in the north of England.

Neville's first known ecclesiastical appointment was as a canon of York Minster, holding the prebendary of Bole from 1361 to 1373. He became a claimant to the Archdeaconry of Cornwall from 1361 until it was set aside in 1371, becoming instead Archdeacon of Durham from circa 1371 to 1373.

On the Lords Appellant rising against King Richard II in 1386, however, Neville was accused of treason and it was determined to imprison him for life in Rochester Castle.

Neville fled, and Pope Urban VI, pitying his case, translated him to the Scottish see of St. Andrews on 30 April 1388. However, he never took possession of the see because the Scots acknowledged the Avignon papacy with their own candidate, Walter Trail.

For the remainder of Neville's life he served as a parish priest in Leuven, where he died in May 1392 and was buried there in the Church of the Carmelites.

Ralph Neville, 1st Baron Neville de Raby.
John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby.

George Neville, Archbishop of York (c.1432-1476)
George Neville, Archbishop of York and Chancellor of England, was the youngest son of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, and brother of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the "Kingmaker." 
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Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk

Michael de la Pole, 1st Baron de la Pole, later 1st Earl of Suffolk (c. 1330 – 5 September 1389) was an English financier and Lord Chancellor of England.

Lords Appellant

1386 - Wonderful Parliament

1387 - Battle of Radcot Bridge

1388 - Merciless Parliament


Michael de la Pole was the eldest son of Sir William de la Pole (d. 1366) and Catherine Norwich, daughter of Sir Walter Norwich. His younger brother was Edmund de la Pole.

His father was a wool merchant from Hull who became a key figure during the reign of Edward III: after the collapse of the Bardi and Peruzzi families, he emerged as Edward's chief financier. Michael enjoyed even greater popularity at court than his father, becoming one of the most trusted and intimate friends of Edward's successor, Richard II.

He was appointed Chancellor in 1383, and created Earl of Suffolk in 1385, the first of his family to hold any such title. However, in the late 1380s his fortunes radically altered, in step with those of the king. During the Wonderful Parliament of 1386 he was impeached on charges of embezzlement and negligence, a victim of increasing tensions between Parliament and Richard. He was the first official in English history to be removed from office by the process of impeachment. Even after this disgrace, he remained in royal favour, although soon fell foul of the Lords Appellant. He was one of a number of Richard's associates accused of treason by the Appellants in November 1387. After the Appellants' victory at Radcot Bridge (December 1387) and before the so-called Merciless Parliament met in February 1388, De La Pole shrewdly fled to Paris, thus escaping the fate of Sir Nicholas Brembre and Chief Justice Robert Tresilian. He remained in France for the remainder of his life. Sentenced in his absence, his title was stripped from him.

Jean Froissart's references to de la Pole in the Chroniques (II.173) portray a devious and ineffectual counsellor, who dissuaded Richard from pursuing a certain victory against French and Scottish forces in Cumberland, and fomented undue suspicion of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_de_la_Pole,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk
https://thehistoryjar.com/2017/07/18/michael-de-la-pole-earl-of-suffolk-chancellor-traitor-and-retainer/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor#History
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Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton

Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton (c. 1327 – 1403) was an English soldier and courtier, serving Richard II of England. He also fought under the Black Prince at the Battle of Crecy in 1346.

He was a son of Henry le Scrope. The Archbishop of York Richard le Scrope was a first cousin.

Richard le Scrope was a Knight of the Shire for Yorkshire in the parliament of 1364, and was summoned to the upper house as a baron by writ in 1371, when he was made Lord High Treasurer and Keeper of the Great Seal.

In 1378 Lord Scrope became Lord Chancellor, a role in which he attempted to curb the extravagance of Richard II, but resigned in 1380 when the government collapsed due to military failures in France. After the turbulence of the Peasants' Revolt, in which his successor was beheaded by the rebels, he took up the position again. He was finally deprived of office by King Richard for non-cooperation in 1382 and thereafter dedicated himself to the rebuilding of Bolton Castle. on his estates in Wensleydale in Yorkshire, which he had been given licence to crenellate.

Both as a soldier and a statesman Lord Scrope was highly regarded and the new king Henry IV was moved to confirm that his lands and titles would not be forfeit in spite of the fact that his eldest son William had been executed by Henry in 1399 for William's support of Richard II. Richard Scrope died on 30 May 1403 in Pishobury, Hertfordshire (where he had bought a country estate) and was buried at Easby Abbey in Richmond, Yorkshire. His title passed to his second son Roger Scrope.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_le_Scrope,_1st_Baron_Scrope_of_Bolton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Shire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Great_Seal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lord_High_Treasurers_of_England_and_Great_Britain#Plantagenet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scrope,_2nd_Baron_Scrope_of_Bolton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_le_Scrope,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire
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Treaty of Windsor, 1386-5-9

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1386-5-9 England & Portugal sign Treaty of Windsor: Longest-lasting treaty - HiPo > .

The Treaty of Windsor is a diplomatic alliance signed between Portugal and England on 9 May 1386 in Windsor and sealed by the marriage of King John I of Portugal (House of Aviz) to Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster. With the victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota, assisted by English archers, John I was recognised as the undisputed King of Portugal, putting an end to the interregnum of the 1383–1385 Crisis. The Treaty of Windsor established a pact of mutual support between the countries.

On 9 May 1386 the Treaty of Windsor, the longest-lasting diplomatic treaty in recorded history, was signed between Portugal and England.

The Treaty of Windsor was negotiated by King John I of Portugal and John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, on behalf of the English king Richard II. The Portuguese king had secured his rule by defeating the Crown of Castile at the Battle of Aljubarrota the previous year, where he had been assisted by English troops that included a number of skilled longbowmen.

The treaty solidified the existing diplomatic relationship between England and Portugal with the establishment of a mutual defence pact. This provision helped to deter potential aggression from Castile and provided both England and Portugal with a sense of security. Additionally, the Treaty of Windsor paved the way for increased trade and economic cooperation between England and Portugal. It encouraged the exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of commercial ties, which benefited both countries.

The treaty had significant cultural and diplomatic implications. It facilitated exchanges of ambassadors, diplomats, and scholars between England and Portugal, fostering cultural exchange and mutual understanding. Furthermore, it helped to strengthen the position of both countries on the international stage, as they were able to present a united front against external threats. This was secured in 1387 with the marriage of John I of Portugal to Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of the John of Gaunt.

The Treaty of Windsor remains in force, making it the longest-lasting diplomatic treaty in recorded history, and even served as the basis for Portuguese assistance to Britain during the Second World War.
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Robert de Vere, 9th Earl of Oxford

Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland, Marquess of Dublin, and 9th Earl of Oxford KG (16 January 1362 – 22 November 1392) was a favourite and court companion of King Richard II of England. He was the ninth Earl of Oxford and the first and only Duke of Ireland and Marquess of Dublin.

Battle of Radcot Bridge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Radcot_Bridge

Robert de Vere was the only son of Thomas de Vere, 8th Earl of Oxford and Maud de Ufford. He succeeded his father as 9th Earl in 1371, and was created Marquess of Dublin in 1385. The next year (1386) he was created Duke of Ireland. He was thus the first marquess, and only the second non-princely duke (after Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster in 1337), in England. King Richard's close friendship to de Vere was disagreeable to the political establishment. This displeasure was exacerbated by the earl's elevation to the new title of Duke of Ireland in 1386. His relationship with King Richard was very close and rumored by Thomas Walsingham to be homosexual.

Robert, Duke of Ireland, was married to Philippa de Coucy, the King's first cousin (her mother, Isabella, was the sister of the King's father, Edward, the Black Prince and the eldest daughter of Edward III). Robert had an affair with Agnes de Launcekrona, a Czech lady-in-waiting of Richard's Queen, Anne of Bohemia. In 1387, the couple were separated and eventually divorced; Robert took Launcekrona as his second wife.

Since Robert was hugely unpopular with the other nobles and magnates, his close relationship with King Richard was one of the catalysts for the emergence of an organised opposition to Richard's rule in the form of the Lords Appellant.

In 1387, Ireland led Richard's forces to defeat at Radcot Bridge outside Oxford, against the forces of the Lords Appellant. He fled the field and his forces were left leaderless and compelled into ignominious surrender.

He was attainted and sentenced to death in absentia by the Merciless Parliament of 1388, which also made him forfeit his titles and lands. People associated with him were also affected, for the parliament also dismissed his Irish Administration, composed of John Stanley, his deputy, who had been serving as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond, the governor, Bishop Alexander de Balscot of Meath, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, and Sir Robert Crull, Lord High Treasurer of Ireland. Fortuitously for him, he had already fled abroad into exile directly after Radcot Bridge.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_Duke_of_Ireland
http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/robertdevere.htm

William de Vere (died 1198) was Bishop of Hereford and an Augustinian canon. The son of Aubrey de Vere II and Adeliza of Clare, probably the fourth of five sons, and brother of Aubrey de Vere III first earl of Oxford, de Vere spent part of his youth at the court of King Henry I of England and his second wife, Queen Adeliza of Leuven.

He later entered the household of Archbishop Theobald of Bec of Canterbury (d. 1163). He served in the archbishop's household with near-contemporaries Thomas Becket and John of Salisbury in the 1150s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Vere .
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Edward of Woodstock, Duke of Cornwall


Edward of Woodstock, later known as the Black Prince (15 June 1330 – 8 June 1376), was the eldest son of Edward III, King of England, and Philippa of Hainault and participated in the early years of the Hundred Years War. He died before his father and so never became king. His son, Richard II, succeeded Edward III.

Edward was created Duke of Cornwall in 1337. He was guardian of the kingdom in his father's absence in 1338, 1340, and 1342. He was created Prince of Wales in 1343 and knighted by his father at La Hogne in 1346.

In 1346 Edward commanded the vanguard at the Battle of Crécy, his father intentionally leaving him to win the battle. He was named the Black Prince after the battle of Crécy, at which he was possibly accoutred in black armour. He took part in Edward III's 1349 Calais expedition. In 1355 he was appointed the king's lieutenant in Gascony, and ordered to lead an army into Aquitaine on a Chevauchée, during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary, sacked Carcassonne, and plundered Narbonne. The next year (1356) on another Chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne, Limousin, and Berry but failed to take Bourges. He offered terms of peace to King John II of France, who had outflanked him near Poitiers, but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance. This led to the Battle of Poitiers where his army routed the French and took King John prisoner.

The year after Poitiers the Black Prince returned to England. In 1360 he negotiated the treaty of Bretigny. He was created Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony in 1362; his suzerainty disowned by the lord of Albret and other Gascon nobles. He was directed by his father to forbid the marauding raids of the English and Gascon free companies in 1364.

The Black Prince entered into an agreement with don Pedro of Castile and Charles II of Navarre, by which Pedro covenanted to mortgage Castro de Urdiales and the province of Biscay to him as security for a loan; in 1366 a passage was thus secured through Navarre. In 1367 he received a letter of defiance from Henry of Trastámara, Don Pedro's half-brother and rival. The same year he after an obstinate conflict he defeated Henry at the Battle of Nájera. However, after a wait of several months, during which he failed to obtain either the province of Biscay or liquidation of the debt from Don Pedro, he returned to Aquitaine.

The Black Prince prevailed on the estates of Aquitaine to allow him a hearth-tax of ten sous for five years, 1368, thereby alienating the lord of Albret and other nobles; drawn into open war with Charles V of France, 1369; took Limoges, where he gave orders for an indiscriminate massacre (1370) in revenge for the voluntary surrender of that town to the French by its bishop, who had been his private friend.

The Black Prince returned to England in 1371 and the next year resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony. He led the commons in their attack upon the Lancastrian administration in 1376. He died in 1376 and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, where his surcoat, helmet, shield, and gauntlets are still preserved.

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Barons Zouche

Barons Zouche of Haryngworth (1308)
William la Zouche, 2nd Baron Zouche (c.25 December 1321 – 23 April 1382)
William la Zouche, 3rd Baron Zouche (c. 1355 – 4 May 1396)
William la Zouche, 4th Baron Zouche (c. 1373 – 3 November 1415)
Barons Zouche of Mortimer (1323)
Robert la Zouche, 4th Baron Zouche of Mortimer (d. 1399)
Joyce Burnell, 5th Baroness Zouche of Mortimer (d. 1406) (abeyant 1406)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Zouche
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